In Class 10 Science Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds (NCERT, SEBA, NBSE, TBSE etc.) you will learn about the element carbon and its various compounds. You will study the properties and importance of carbon, as well as its role in the formation of both inorganic and organic compounds. Get here the questions, answers, textbook solutions, PDF of the chapter.
Intext I
1. What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2?
Answer:
2. What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? (Hint – the eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring.)
Answer:
Intext II
1. How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Answer: Three structural isomers are possible for pentane.
2. What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?
Answer: The two features of carbon that contribute to the large number of carbon compounds are catenation, the ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon, and tetravalency, the ability of carbon to bond with four other atoms due to its valency of four.
3. What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Answer:
4. Draw the structures for the following compounds.
(i) Ethanoic acid
(ii) Bromopentane*
(iii) Butanone
(iv) Hexanal
*Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
Answer:
There are many structural isomers possible for bromopentane. Among them, the structures of three isomers are given.
5. How would you name the following compounds?
Answer: (i) Bromoethane
(ii) Methanal (formaldehyde)
(iii) Hexyne
Intext III
1. Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
Answer: The conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction because it involves the addition of oxygen to the ethanol molecule.
2. A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Why is a mixture of ethyne and air not used?
Answer: When ethyne is burnt in air, it gives a sooty flame due to incomplete combustion caused by a limited supply of air. However, if ethyne is burnt with oxygen, it gives a clean flame with a temperature of 3000°C due to complete combustion. This oxy-acetylene flame is used for welding. It is not possible to attain such a high temperature without mixing oxygen with the ethyne, which is why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used.
Intext IV
1. How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
Answer: We can distinguish between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid based on their reactions with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates. Carboxylic acids will react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to produce CO2 gas that turns lime water milky, while alcohols do not have this reaction.
Metal carbonate/Metal hydrocarbonate + carboxylic acid → Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
2. What are oxidizing agents?
Answer: Oxidizing agents are substances that gain electrons in redox reactions and have their oxidation numbers reduced.
Intext V
1. Is it possible to check if water is hard by using a detergent?
Answer: It is not possible to determine the hardness of water by using a detergent, as detergent will produce lather with both hard and soft water, while soap only produces lather with soft water.
2. People use a variety of methods to wash clothes, such as beating them on a stone or paddle, scrubbing with a brush, or agitating them in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
Answer: Agitation is necessary to remove the micelles, or clusters of soap molecules that attach to grease or dirt particles, from the clothes. Soap molecules have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts, and they form micelles when they attach to dirt or grease. These micelles remain suspended as colloids, and they must be agitated in order to be removed from the clothes.
Exercise
1. Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has
Answer: (b) 7 covalent bonds.
2. Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
Answer: (c) ketone.
3. While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
Answer: (b) the fuel is not burning completely.
4. Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
Answer: The structure of CH3Cl is given below:
Carbon has four valence electrons and shares one electron each with three hydrogen atoms, resulting in covalent bonds. It also shares one electron with a chlorine atom, forming a covalent bond as well. However, due to the higher electronegativity of chlorine, the C-Cl bond is polar in nature.
5. Draw the electron dot structures for
(i) ethanoic acid.
(ii) H2S.
(iii) propanone.
(iv) F2.
Answer:
6. What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.
Answer: A homologous series is a series of carbon compounds that have different numbers of carbon atoms but contain the same functional group. An example of this is the alkane homologous series, which includes methane, ethane, propane, butane, and so on. The general formula for this series is CnH2n+2, and there is a difference of -CH2 unit between each successive compound.
7. How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?
Answer: Ethanol and ethanoic acid can be differentiated based on the following properties: ethanol is a liquid at room temperature with a pleasant smell, while ethanoic acid has a melting point of 17°C and a vinegar-like smell. Ethanol does not react with metal carbonates, but ethanoic acid reacts with metal carbonates to form a salt, water, and carbon dioxide. Ethanol does not react with NaOH, but ethanoic acid reacts with NaOH to form sodium ethanoate and water. Ethanol is oxidized to form ethanoic acid in the presence of acidified KMnO4, but no reaction occurs with ethanoic acid in the presence of acidified KMnO4.
8. Why does micelle formation occur when soap is added to water? Will micelles be formed in other solvents such as ethanol?
Answer: When soap is dissolved in water and clothes are placed in the soapy solution, soap molecules form a structure called a micelle. The hydrophobic ends of the soap molecules surround a particle of grease to form a spherical micelle, with the hydrophilic ends on the outside of the sphere and the hydrophobic ends towards the center. Micelles will not be formed in solvents such as ethanol because ethanol is not as polar as soap.
9. Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Answer: Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most applications because they release a large amount of heat upon combustion due to their high percentage of carbon and hydrogen. Carbon compounds used as fuel have an optimum ignition temperature, high calorific values, and are easy to handle, and their combustion can be controlled.
10. Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Answer: Hard water often contains calcium and magnesium salts, and when soap is added to it, the soap molecules react with these salts to form a precipitate. This precipitate floats as an off-white layer on the water, known as scum. The formation of scum interferes with the cleansing properties of soap in hard water.
11. “Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a blue flame while unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a sooty flame-. Why?
Answer: Saturated hydrocarbons contain less carbon content, so there is a complete combustion of these compounds and hence, these compounds burn with a blue flame. In case of unsaturated hydrocarbons, due to their high carbon content and low hydrogen content, there is incomplete combustion. So, unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a sooty flame.
12. Why vegetable oils are considered healthy as compared to vegetable ghee? How are vegetable oils converted into vegetable ghee? Name and define the process involved.
Answer: Vegetable oils contain unsaturated fatty acids while vegetable ghee contains saturated fatty acids which are said to be harmful for health. Vegetable oils are converted into vegetable ghee by adding hydrogen in the presence of catalysts palladium (Pd) or nickel (Ni).
The process involved in this is addition reaction (hydrogenation). It is defined as the addition of hydrogen atoms in carbon atoms of an organic compound.
13. Both soap and detergent are some type of salts. What is the difference between them? Describe in brief the cleansing action of soap. Why do soaps not form lather in hard water? List two problems that arise due to the use of detergents instead of soaps.
Answer: Soap molecules are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids whereas detergent molecules are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. Cleansing action of soaps: The dirt present on clothes is organic in nature and is insoluble in water. Therefore, it cannot be removed by only washing with water. When soap is dissolved in water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves to the dirt and remove it from the cloth. Then, the molecules of soap arrange themselves in micelle formation and trap the dirt at the centre of the cluster. These micelles remain suspended in the water and, thus, the dust particles are easily rinsed away by water. Soaps do not form lather in hard water because soap molecules react with calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water to form insoluble substance, called scuum which remains after washing in water. Problems that arise due to the use of detergents instead of soaps are as follows: a) Being non-biodegradable in nature, they get accumulated in the environment and cause soil and water pollution. b) Their entry into the food chain leads to bio-accumulation in living beings and causes several health issues.
14. Give a name of the reaction which takes place between ethanoic acid and ethanol in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. Write the chemical reaction and name of the product obtained.
Answer: The reaction is called Esterification. The name of the product obtained from this is ester. Esters are sweet smelling substances used in making perfumes and a flavouring agents. The chemical reaction is as follows:
15. An organic compound A of molecular formula C reduction gives another compound B of molecular formula C2H6. B on reaction with chlorine in the presence of sunlight gives C of molecular formula C2H2Cl.
(a) Name the compounds A, B and C.
(b) Write the chemical equation for the conversion of A to B and name the type of reaction.
Answer: (a) Compound A is ethene with the molecular formula C2H4. Compound B is ethane with the molecular formula C2H6. Compound C is monochloroethane with the molecular formula C2H5Cl.
(b) The chemical equation for the conversion of A to B is an addition or hydrogenation reaction and is represented as: C2H4 + H2 —–(ni/pd)—–> C2H6.
16. What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Answer: Since soap is basic in nature, it will turn red litmus blue. However, the color of blue litmus will remain blue.
17. What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
Answer: When unsaturated hydrocarbons (double/triple bond) are reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst like nickel, the hydrogen gets added across the double/triple bond and converts the unsaturated hydrocarbon into a saturated hydrocarbon. Such a reaction is called an addition reaction or hydrogenation. Industrial application: Hydrogenation is used in many industrial applications. For example, in the petrochemical industry, hydrogenation is used to convert alkenes into alkanes (paraffins) and cycloalkanes. It is also used to prepare vegetable ghee from vegetable oils.
18. Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions: C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2, and CH4?
Answer: C3H6 and C2H2 undergo addition reactions as they are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
19. Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Answer: Butter is a saturated compound, while oil is an unsaturated compound. When oil is added to a test tube containing alkaline potassium permanganate solution, the pink color of the solution disappears. The color of alkaline potassium permanganate will not disappear in a test tube containing butter.
20. Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
Answer: Most dirt is oily in nature and oil does not dissolve in water. The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. The ionic-end of soap interacts with water while the carbon chain interacts with oil. The soap molecules, thus form structures called micelles where one end of the molecules is towards the oil droplet while the ionic-end faces outside. This forms an emulsion in water. The soap micelle thus helps in pulling out the dirt in water and we can wash our clothes clean.
Tick (✓) the correct option
1. When ethanol reacts with sodium and forms two products. These are:
Answer: (c) Sodium ethoxide and hydrogen
2. The class of organic compounds which gives effervescence with NaHCO3 solution is:
Answer: (d) Carboxylic acids
3. What is the name of the given compound? CH3- CH4-CHO
Answer: (a) Propanal
4. Alcohols may be represented by the general formula:
Answer: (b) CnH2n – OH
5. Pentane has the molecular formula C5H12. It has:
Answer: (c) 16 covalent bonds
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