Get summaries, questions, answers, solutions, extra MCQs, PDF for Educational Psychology: NBSE Class 12 Education chapter 1, which is part of the syllabus for students studying under NBSE (Nagaland Board). These solutions, however, should only be treated as references and can be modified/changed.
Summary
Education is the way humans learn and pass on social aspects of life from one person to another. It is what makes people different from animals. Education is sometimes called a “highway to the goal,” which means it is a clear path that helps people achieve success and progress. It has also been described as a “third eye,” meaning it gives a person a special insight to understand the world and how to act in it. The main goal of education is to bring out the best in a child and help them become a well-balanced person. This learning is a process that continues throughout a person’s entire life.
Psychology is the scientific study of our minds and actions. It looks at our mental processes, which are our thoughts and memories. It also studies our experiences, which are our personal feelings, and our behaviors, which are the things we do. In the past, psychology was known as the study of the soul or mind. Today, it is a science that helps us understand why people think, feel, and act the way they do. Behavior includes all of our activities, such as walking, thinking, and feeling happy or sad.
Psychology and education are closely connected. Psychology provides the knowledge that helps make education better for students. It helps teachers understand how children develop and learn at different ages. This understanding is used to create child-centered education, where the curriculum and teaching methods are designed to fit the student’s abilities and interests. For example, psychology helps in creating school timetables that schedule difficult subjects when students are most alert. It also supports co-curricular activities like sports, music, and art, because they help in the complete development of a child.
Using psychology, teachers can find better ways to handle discipline. Instead of just punishing a student, a teacher can try to understand the reason behind the student’s behavior and find a lasting solution. Psychology also helps in creating a healthy and positive school environment that makes children want to learn. While general psychology studies all parts of a person’s life, educational psychology is a special branch that focuses only on how people learn in schools and other educational settings. Psychology is a tool that helps education achieve its goal of helping every person learn and grow.
Textual
Very Short Answer Questions
1. What did the term ‘Psychology’ mean in earlier times?
Answer: The term ‘psychology’ is derived from two Greek words, ‘psyche’ meaning soul and ‘logos’ meaning science or study of a subject. Thus, in earlier times, psychology meant a study of the soul or mind.
2. What are the mental processes that occur during sleep?
Answer: Even when we are asleep, some mental activities keep going on. We dream and receive some information, such as a knock on the door, while we are asleep.
3. Why is ‘Reflection’ important in education?
Answer: Reflection is important in education because it provides occasions to analyse, find solutions, and form opinions on a variety of educational problems which have given rise to many social evils, such as juvenile delinquency, backwardness, problem children, indiscipline, and student unrest in the school.
4. How is experience ‘a complex set’?
Answer: The nature of experience can only be understood by analysing a complex set of internal and external conditions. For example, if you are travelling in a crowded bus during a hot summer day, you may not experience the usual discomfort if you are going for a picnic with some close friends.
5. What is a ‘good curriculum’?
Answer: A good curriculum is that which stimulates the constructive potentialities of the students and is prepared according to their needs. The curriculum should be according to the mental level of the students.
6. How do Audio-Visual aids help in effective education?
Answer: To develop interest among students, a teacher should properly use audio-visual aids. The use of audio-visual aids makes learning easy, interesting, and effective.
Short Answer Questions
1. How has educational psychology affected the ‘framing of time table’?
Answer: As a consequence of the influence of educational psychology, when a time table is being framed in a school, considerable thought is devoted to the order in which teaching of different subjects is arranged. In the past, no attention was given to the children’s attention, rest, exhaustion, and other factors; the time table was framed to suit the convenience of teachers. Now, in framing time tables, efforts are made to take into consideration factors such as climate, the interest and aptitude of children, and their individual differences.
2. Why have the co-curricular activities become an integral part of education?
Answer: Due to the development of educational psychology, co-curricular activities have become an integral part of education because they are now recognized as important and have contributed significantly to the comprehensive development of children. Activities such as debates, discussion, competitions, tours, games, and music, which were earlier considered a waste of time, are now incorporated into the curriculum.
3. What is psychology? Explain in brief.
Answer: The term ‘psychology’ is derived from two Greek words: ‘psyche’ meaning soul and ‘logos’ meaning science or study. In earlier times, it was a study of the soul or mind. Now, psychology is defined formally as a science which studies mental processes, experiences, and behaviour in different contexts. It has established itself as a scientific discipline which deals with processes underlying human experience and behaviour. In short, psychology is the science of behaviour or the scientific study of behavioural activities and experience.
4. What do you understand by Educational psychology? Explain in brief.
Answer: Educational psychology is a branch of psychology that studies how people of all ages learn. It is a specialised field of study which aims to understand the psyche of people in the ecosystem of an educational institution. The subject matter of this branch concerns psychological ways and means of improving all aspects of the teaching-learning process, including the learner, learning process, learning material, learning environment, and the teacher. Educational psychologists primarily help develop instructional methods and materials used to train people in both educational and work settings.
5. What is the utility of Educational psychology?
Answer: The utility of educational psychology is seen in many areas of education. It helps in making education child-centered by developing syllabi and teaching methods according to the learner’s ability, capacity, and interest. It provides guidance on framing curriculum and timetables that consider the child’s needs, aptitude, and growth. It has led to the inclusion of co-curricular activities for the comprehensive development of children. It also offers methods for maintaining discipline, creating a healthy learning environment, and forming opinions on educational problems. Furthermore, it contributes to the development of measurement and evaluation techniques to track a child’s progress and helps in achieving the overall goals of education.
6. Explain the term ‘Behaviour’.
Answer: The term ‘behaviour’ has a very wide meaning and expresses the entire life of living organisms. It can be explained in the following terms:
- Any manifestation of life is an ‘activity’, and ‘behaviour’ is a collective name for these activities. It includes conative activities like walking and swimming, cognitive activities like thinking and reasoning, and affective activities like feeling happy or sad.
- Behaviour concerns all segments of the human mind—conscious, sub-conscious, and unconscious. It, therefore, covers not only overt behaviour but also covert behaviour, which is the inner experience.
- In psychology, the study of behaviour includes all living organisms, such as human beings and animals, normal and abnormal individuals, and both children and adults.
7. How should a curriculum be framed?
Answer: A good curriculum is one that stimulates the constructive potentialities of the students and is prepared according to their needs. In creating a curriculum, attention should be focused primarily on the child’s interest, aptitude, growth, and maturation, making it child-centered rather than subject-matter-centered. The curriculum should be prepared according to the mental level of the students and the needs of society. It should follow an easy-to-difficult approach and must be flexible for all the learners in the classroom.
8. Why are guidance and counselling important in Educational Psychology?
Answer: Guidance and counselling are important because many students have many problems in education, society, and emotions, which have to be guided. Psychologists provide guidance in such conditions. For this purpose, child guidance clinics have been opened in schools in developed countries to help students with their problems.
9. What measures are needed to be taken to maintain a ‘Healthy Environment’?
Answer: To maintain a ‘Healthy Environment’ for the education of children, it is essential to create an environment that can stimulate the children’s desire to learn. In school, efforts should be made to create an environment that favors the transfer of acquired knowledge to practical life. This environment should also be conducive to the mental and physical health of children, unlike a school with shabby, blackened walls that lacks ventilators for air and proper seats for children.
10. What do you understand by ‘cognitive psychology’? What is the role of it in effective learning process?
Answer: Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that investigates mental processes and the products of the growth and development of the cognitive abilities and capacities of a human being. The major cognitive processes it studies are attention, perception, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making, and language.
Its role in the effective learning process is to study the behaviour of individuals in relation to the development of their cognitive strength and their use in challenging circumstances. By understanding these cognitive processes, which are the basis of learning, methods can be developed to improve how people learn.
Long Answer Questions
1. Why is Educational Psychology called as an applied science?
Answer: Educational psychology is called an applied science because it is a descriptive and explanatory science which extends knowledge beyond ordinary observation. It applies the principles and theories of psychology to the field of education.
The subject matter of educational psychology concerns the psychological ways and means of improving all aspects of the teaching-learning process, including the learner, learning process, learning material, learning environment, and the teacher. It helps develop instructional methods and materials used to train people in both educational and work settings. For instance, it contributes to child-centered education by developing syllabi and teaching methods in accordance with the ability, capacity, interest, and aptitude of the learner. It also aids in curriculum development, framing of timetables, organising co-curricular activities, handling discipline, creating a healthy environment, and developing methods of measurement and evaluation, all based on psychological principles.
2. How can the aim of education be ‘flexible’?
Answer: The aim of education can be flexible by creating a curriculum that is flexible for all learners in the classroom. Psychology lays stress on individual differences, and therefore, the curriculum should be adaptable.
The aims of education can be fixed by taking the help of the psychological changes of the child. The need, interest, aptitude, and attitude of a child are indicators for planning any activity for education. Since these psychological aspects differ from one student to another, the curriculum and educational aims must be flexible to accommodate these individual differences.
3. Explain in detail the meaning, nature, importance, and scope of Educational psychology.
Answer: Meaning: Educational Psychology is a branch of psychology that studies how people of all ages learn. It would entail understanding the different levels of intellect of various students and integrating that in the learning plans of the various courses and subjects taught at an institute to make the subject matter as relatable as possible. Educational psychologists primarily help develop instructional methods and materials used to train people in both educational and work settings. It is the study of the human learning process.
Nature: Educational psychology has two aspects: theoretical and practical. It is a descriptive and explanatory science, as well as an applied science that extends knowledge beyond ordinary observation. It is a specialised field of study which aims to understand the psyche of people in the ecosystem of an educational institution. While psychology in general explores all human activities throughout the lifespan, educational psychology explores only the learning aspect of human life. It is considered a developing positive science, as it tries to be more objective, exact, and accurate.
Importance: The importance and usefulness of educational psychology can be seen in the following areas:
- Child-centered Education: It helps develop syllabi and teaching methods according to the learner’s ability, capacity, and interest.
- Curriculum: It contributes to creating a curriculum focused on the child’s interest, aptitude, growth, and maturation.
- Time Table: It helps in framing a school timetable by considering factors like children’s attention, rest, interest, and individual differences.
- Co-curricular Activities: It has led to the recognition of activities like debates, games, and music as important for the comprehensive development of children.
- Discipline: It provides methods to discover the causes of deviant behaviour and bring about a permanent cure, relying on democratic methods instead of corporal punishment.
- Healthy Environment: It helps in creating a healthy school environment that stimulates the children’s desire to learn and is conducive to their mental and physical health.
- Formation of Opinion on Educational Problems: It helps in analysing and finding solutions for educational problems like juvenile delinquency, backwardness, and indiscipline.
- Measurement and Evaluation: It has contributed to the development of new methods of measurement and evaluation to track a child’s educational achievement and progress.
- An Aid in Achieving Educational Objectives: It provides knowledge to the educator on the basis of which the educator achieves his educational objectives.
Scope: The scope of educational psychology concerns the psychological ways and means of improving all aspects of the teaching-learning process. This includes studying the learner, the learning process, the learning material, the learning environment, and the teacher.
4. What is the importance of Educational psychology?
Answer: The importance and usefulness of educational psychology can be elaborated in the following areas:
- Child-centered Education: It helps in developing syllabi and methods of teaching in accordance with the ability, capacity, interest, and aptitude of the learner.
- Curriculum: It has made a distinct contribution to education through its analysis of pupils’ potentialities and differences. Today, in creating a curriculum, attention is focused primarily on the child’s interest, aptitude, growth, and maturation.
- Time Table: It influences the framing of school timetables by taking into consideration factors such as the interest and aptitude of children, their individual differences, climate, and need for rest.
- Co-curricular Activities: Due to its development, co-curricular activities like debates, discussions, games, and music have been recognized as important for the comprehensive development of children.
- Discipline: It provides methods to discover the causes of deviant behaviour and bring about a permanent cure through democratic methods, rather than using repressive measures like corporal punishment.
- Healthy Environment: It helps in creating a healthy environment in schools that can stimulate the children’s desire to learn and is conducive to their mental and physical health.
- Formation of Opinion on Educational Problems: It provides occasions to reflect upon, analyse, and find solutions for educational problems such as juvenile delinquency, backwardness, and student unrest.
- Measurement and Evaluation: It has made a valuable contribution to the use and development of measurement and evaluation, which helps in ensuring a child’s educational achievement and progress is made possible.
- An Aid in Achieving Educational Objectives: It concentrates upon the behaviour of the educator and the learner and thus proves an invaluable aid in achieving the goals of education.
5. How is psychology an essential part of education?
Answer: Psychology is an essential part of education because education, in its narrower sense, is the modification of behaviour, and psychology is the science of behaviour. The modification in behaviour cannot be easily brought unless we know the science of behaviour. An educator must know about the developmental stages, personality development, and emotions of the students in order to be successful.
Psychology is essential in the following ways:
- Psychology and Aims of Education: It helps the educator realise educational aims by providing insight into the child’s attitudes, ideas, aptitudes, and interests.
- Psychology and Curriculum: It helps in preparing a good curriculum that stimulates the constructive potentialities of the students and is according to their needs and mental level.
- Psychology and Methods of Teaching: Various teaching methods like the Project method and Play-way method are based on sound psychological principles.
- Psychology and Evaluation: The process of evaluation and examination should be linked with psychological principles to evaluate the achievement of pupils and suggest improvements.
- Psychology and Discipline: It provides techniques for dealing with problems of delinquent, backward, handicapped, and gifted children to help maintain discipline.
- Psychology and School Administration: It helps in solving administrative problems and provides a scientific basis for the supervision of instruction.
- Psychology and the Teacher: It enhances a teacher’s vision to understand students, evaluate their achievements, find solutions for their weaknesses, and modify their behaviour.
- Psychology and Timetable, Textbook Preparation: It provides principles for preparing suitable timetables and attractive, well-illustrated textbooks.
- Psychology and Innovations: It has introduced innovative ideas for improving teaching and learning, such as Activity-centred teaching and Micro-teaching.
- Psychology and Audio-Visual Aids: It states that a teacher should properly use audio-visual aids to develop interest among students and make learning easy and effective.
- Psychology, Guidance and Counselling: It provides guidance for students who have problems in education, society, and emotions.
6. ‘Educational psychology is a developing positive science’. Elaborate with example.
Answer: Educational psychology is considered a developing positive science because, like its parent discipline psychology, it is trying to be more objective, exact, and accurate, though it has not yet fully attained the status of sciences like physics.
The elaboration is found in how modern psychology has developed because of the application of the scientific method to study psychological phenomena. Science places a great deal of emphasis on objectivity, which can be obtained if there is a consensus on the definition of a concept and how it can be measured. Psychology is influenced by the hypothetico-deductive model, which suggests that scientific advancement can take place if you have a theory to explain a phenomenon. For example, using this approach, psychologists have developed theories of learning, memory, attention, and perception. An initial hypothesis is tested and proved true or false based on empirical data that has been gathered. The theory is then revised if the data points in a different direction. This process of developing and refining theories based on systematic data collection shows that it is a “developing” science. It is a “positive” science because it seeks to understand and explain behaviour and mental processes as they are, based on scientific analysis and objective data.
7. Discuss the differences in psychology and educational psychology.
Answer: There is a remarkable difference between psychology and educational psychology. The educational psychology is a part of psychology. The differences are:
- Psychology, as a field of study, is very comprehensive, and it is mainly a study of the mental processes and behavioural patterns of human beings, whereas educational psychology is the study of the human learning process.
- Educational psychology is a specialised field of study which aims to understand the psyche of people in the ecosystem of an educational institution.
This highlights that while educational psychology explores only the learning aspect of human life, psychology in general explores all human activities throughout the lifespan which goes beyond the learning process.
8. How does psychology complement education?
Answer: Psychology complements education by acting as a medium or a catalyst through which imparting education becomes easy. Education is a continuous process with learning as its objective, and psychology helps in achieving the target in learning. Psychology is an instrument, not a goal, in the educational process.
Psychology complements education in several specific ways:
- It helps in the realisation of educational aims by providing the educator with insight into the child’s attitudes, ideas, aptitudes, interests, and emotions.
- It helps in preparing a curriculum that is according to the needs and mental level of the students and is flexible enough to cater to individual differences.
- It provides a basis for various methods of teaching, such as the Project method and Montessori Method, which are founded on sound psychological principles.
- It helps in creating a total process of evaluation and examination that is linked with psychological principles to assess student achievement.
- It provides techniques for dealing with school discipline problems and helps in maintaining discipline that is self-implied and constructive.
- It enhances the teacher’s ability to understand the mental status of students, evaluate their achievements, understand their weaknesses, and modify their behaviour.
- It has introduced innovations like Activity-centred teaching and Micro-teaching to improve the process of teaching and learning.
- It provides guidance and counselling for students facing problems in education, society, and emotions.
Additional
Extra Questions and Answers
1. What are the two aspects of human life?
Answer: Human life has two aspects: the biological and the sociological.
2. How is the social aspect of human life transmitted?
Answer: The social aspect of human life is maintained and transmitted by education.
3. What ability distinguishes man from lower animals?
Answer: Man is distinguishable from the lower animals because of his educable ability.
4. What did the Education Commission (1964-66) state about India’s destiny?
Answer: The Education Commission (1964-66) began its report with the words that, “the destiny of India is now being shaped in her classrooms”.
5. How was education considered by ancient Indian thinkers?
Answer: According to thinkers in ancient India, education was considered the ‘third eye’ of man, which gives him an insight into all affairs and teaches him how to act; it leads us to our salvation in the mundane sphere, and it leads us to all-round progress and prosperity.
6. What was Sri Aurobindo Ghosh’s definition of education?
Answer: Sri Aurobindo Ghosh’s definition of education was the “Building of human mind and spirit”.
7. What was Dr. S. Radhakrishnan’s definition of education?
Answer: Dr. S. Radhakrishnan’s definition of education was the “Training the intellect refinement of the heart and discipline of the spirit”.
8. What is the definition of education from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad?
Answer: The definition of education from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad is “Leading from the unreal to the real, from darkness to light, from death to immortality”.
9. What four qualities in a child did Bertrand Russell emphasize?
Answer: Bertrand Russell stated that education is about “Developing four qualities in child-courage, intelligence, sensitiveness and vitality”.
10. From which two Greek words is the term ‘psychology’ derived?
Answer: The term ‘psychology’ is derived from the two Greek words ‘psyche’ and ‘logos’.
91. “Psychology and education are intimately related to each other.” Critically analyze this statement by discussing the inseparable relationship between the two fields.
Answer: The statement that psychology and education are intimately related is affirmed by the fundamental connection between the two fields. Psychology is the science of behaviour, and education, in its narrower sense, is the modification of behaviour. The modification in behaviour cannot be easily brought about unless we know the science of behaviour. An educator must know about the developmental stages, personality development, and emotions of the students to be successful. This knowledge helps in bringing about desirable changes in the behaviour of students, making the two fields inseparable.
This relationship is visible in many aspects of the educational process. Psychology helps the educator in the realisation of educational aims by providing insight into the child’s attitudes, ideas, aptitudes, interests, and emotions. A good curriculum, based on psychological principles, stimulates the constructive potentialities of students and is prepared according to their needs and mental level. Various methods of teaching, like the Project method and Montessori Method, are based on sound psychological principles and are linked with the psychological problems, needs, and development of the child.
The process of evaluation and examination is also linked with psychological principles, using tools to evaluate pupil achievement and suggest improvements. In discipline, psychology provides techniques for dealing with problems of delinquent, backward, and gifted children. For the teacher, psychology enhances their vision to understand the mental status of students, evaluate them, understand their weaknesses, and find solutions. It also informs the preparation of timetables and textbooks to make them suitable for the learners. Psychology has introduced innovations like Activity-centred teaching and Micro-teaching and guides the use of audio-visual aids to make learning interesting and effective. Pestalozzi also said that, ‘Every teacher should learn child psychology before teaching’, highlighting this deep connection.
Extra MCQs: Knowledge-Based
1. The term ‘psychology’ is derived from two Greek words, ‘psyche’ and ‘logos’. What does ‘psyche’ mean?
A. Mind
B. Science
C. Soul
D. Study
Answer: C. Soul
2. Who is credited with establishing the first psychology laboratory in 1879?
A. William James
B. Wilhelm Wundt
C. Sigmund Freud
D. B.F. Skinner
Answer: B. Wilhelm Wundt
3. Which branch of psychology focuses on the relationship between behaviour and the physical system, including the brain, nervous system, and genetics?
A. Cognitive Psychology
B. Biological Psychology
C. Social Psychology
D. Developmental Psychology
Answer: B. Biological Psychology
4. Who defined education as an “all-round drawing out of the best in the child and man-body, mind and spirit”?
A. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
B. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh
C. Bertrand Russell
D. Mahatma Gandhi
Answer: D. Mahatma Gandhi
5. The modern approach to school discipline, influenced by educational psychology, emphasizes:
A. Stricter corporal punishment for all offenses.
B. Relying on threats to maintain order.
C. Discovering the causes of deviant behaviour.
D. Ignoring minor crimes committed by students.
Answer: C. Discovering the causes of deviant behaviour.
6. In psychology, the term ‘behaviour’ is understood to include which of the following?
A. Only overt physical actions like walking.
B. Only internal mental processes like thinking.
C. Conative, cognitive, and affective activities.
D. Only unconscious motivations and desires.
Answer: C. Conative, cognitive, and affective activities.
7. The publication of ‘Psychology as the Behaviorist Views’ in 1913 is associated with which psychologist?
A. Ivan Pavlov
B. Carl Rogers
C. John B. Watson
D. Sigmund Freud
Answer: C. John B. Watson
8. The branch of psychology that deals with workplace behaviour, training employees, and improving work conditions is known as:
A. Clinical Psychology
B. Health Psychology
C. Social Psychology
D. Industrial/Organisational Psychology
Answer: D. Industrial/Organisational Psychology
9. Teaching methods such as the Project method, Montessori method, and Play-way method are based on:
A. Administrative convenience.
B. Traditional academic standards.
C. Sound psychological principles.
D. The teacher’s personal preference.
Answer: C. Sound psychological principles.
10. What is a key difference between general psychology and educational psychology?
A. General psychology is a specialized field, while educational psychology is comprehensive.
B. Educational psychology focuses on the human learning process, while general psychology covers all human activities.
C. General psychology only studies adults, while educational psychology only studies children.
D. Educational psychology is a pure science, while general psychology is an applied science.
Answer: B. Educational psychology focuses on the human learning process, while general psychology covers all human activities.
37. Pestalozzi stated that, ‘Every teacher should learn __________ psychology before teaching’.
A. social
B. child
C. abnormal
D. cognitive
Answer: B. child
Extra MCQs: Competency-Based
1. Assertion (A): Educational psychology has been instrumental in shifting the focus towards child-centered education.
Reason (R): A child-centered approach tailors the curriculum and teaching methods to the individual learner’s abilities, interests, and developmental stage.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Assertion (A): The term ‘psychology’ originates from Greek words that translate to the study of the soul or mind.
Reason (R): Contemporary psychology is defined as a science that studies mental processes, experiences, and behaviour in various contexts.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. Assertion (A): In psychology, experiences are understood to be subjective in nature.
Reason (R): Psychologists can directly observe and know someone else’s experience through objective measurement tools.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: C. A is true, but R is false.
4. Assertion (A): In the context of education, psychology is considered the ultimate goal.
Reason (R): Psychology serves as an instrument or a facilitator, making the process of imparting education easier and more effective.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: D. A is false, but R is true.
5. Assertion (A): Co‑curricular activities are considered integral to the comprehensive development of students.
Reason (R): The influence of educational psychology has led to the recognition and inclusion of activities like debates, tours, and games in the school curriculum.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
6. Assertion (A): In psychology, the term ‘behaviour’ refers exclusively to observable physical actions.
Reason (R): The scope of behaviour also encompasses cognitive processes such as thinking and reasoning, and affective states like happiness and anger.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: D. A is false, but R is true.
7. Assertion (A): The advancement of modern psychology is largely due to the application of scientific methods to its subject matter.
Reason (R): Science places a strong emphasis on objectivity, which requires consensus on the definition and measurement of concepts.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
8. Assertion (A): The establishment of the first psychology laboratory in 1879 is a significant milestone in the history of psychology.
Reason (R): B.F. Skinner’s publication on Radical Behaviorism in 1953 was a key event in the behaviorist movement.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
9. Assertion (A): The process of education is a lifelong endeavor, starting from infancy and continuing to old age.
Reason (R): Educational experiences are gained exclusively through formal agencies like schools.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: C. A is true, but R is false.
10. Assertion (A): Educational psychology is considered a specialized branch of the broader field of psychology.
Reason (R): While general psychology covers all human activities throughout the lifespan, educational psychology specifically investigates the processes of human learning.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
60. A student is feeling anxious about an upcoming exam and finds their heart pounding and palms sweating. These observable reactions are best described as:
A. Mental processes
B. Experiences
C. Behaviours
D. Motivations
Answer: C. Behaviours
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