Get summaries, questions, answers, solutions, extra MCQs, PDF for chapter 3 Stages of Human Development: NBSE Class 12 Education, which is part of the syllabus for students studying under NBSE (Nagaland Board). These solutions, however, should only be treated as references and can be modified/changed.
Summary
Human life is a journey of constant change, from being a baby to an adult and then an old person. While growth is a continuous process, we can look at it in different stages to understand it better. The main periods are before birth and after birth. The time after birth includes infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
Infancy is the first stage, from birth to about two years. An infant depends completely on others for care. This is a time of very fast physical growth in height and weight. Their bones are soft, and their first teeth appear. Infants learn about the world using their senses. Socially, they start by focusing on their own needs but soon learn to recognize family and smile. They express emotions like joy, fear, and anger. This period is called the ‘foundation age’ because it builds a base for future behaviors.
Childhood follows, from about age three to twelve. Physical growth is slower but steady. Children become stronger, and their brains develop a lot. They are very curious and ask many questions, so this is called the ‘questioning age’. They learn to share and cooperate with friends. They often form groups, which is why it is also known as the ‘gang age’. Emotionally, children gain more control over their feelings and develop ideas about right and wrong.
Adolescence connects childhood to adulthood, from about age twelve to nineteen. This stage has intense and rapid changes. The body grows into its final adult form, and boys and girls develop distinct physical traits. Feelings can be very strong and change quickly. Adolescents think deeply about who they are, which is a ‘search for identity’. They want more independence and may question rules. Friendships become very important. Their ability to think about complex ideas also grows.
Understanding these stages helps adults provide the right support. During infancy, learning happens through play and the senses. In childhood, it is good to encourage curiosity and learning through activities. For adolescents, guidance and understanding are needed. They benefit from positive outlets for their energy, like sports, art, or helping others. Meeting the needs of each stage helps a person grow into a balanced adult.
Textual
Very Short Answer Questions
1. Write True or False after each statement:
Answer: (a) Developmental stages have a fixed age range. – False
(b) Pre-natal period extends from birth to conception. – False
(c) Adolescence is marked by rapid physical and psychological changes. – True
2. Match the columns of physical development of the following stages:-
| A | B |
|---|---|
| (i) Infancy | (a) considerable stability is attained. |
| (ii) Childhood | (b) physical maturity attained at optimum level. |
| (iii) Adolescence | (c) motor and neuromuscular coordination begins. |
Answer:
| A | B |
|---|---|
| (i) Infancy | (c) motor and neuromuscular coordination begins. |
| (ii) Childhood | (a) considerable stability is attained. |
| (iii) Adolescence | (b) physical maturity attained at optimum level. |
3. Match the columns of social development of the following stages:
| A | B |
|---|---|
| (i) Infancy | (a) radical outlook and questioning of the social norms. |
| (ii) Childhood | (b) social response directed towards family members. |
| (iii) Adolescence | (c) social values, attitudes and interests are developed. |
Answer:
| A | B |
|---|---|
| (i) Infancy | (b) social response directed towards family members. |
| (ii) Childhood | (c) social values, attitudes and interests are developed. |
| (iii) Adolescence | (a) radical outlook and questioning of the social norms. |
Short Answer Questions
1. Write the different stages of human development along with their period and approximate age.
Answer: The different stages of human development along with their period and approximate age are presented in the table below:
| Period or Stages of Development | Approximate Age |
| Pre-natal Period (from conception to birth) | |
| 1. Germinal Period | First 2 weeks from conception |
| 2. Embryonic Period | From 3 to 8 weeks |
| 3. Foetal Period | From 9 weeks to birth |
| Post-natal period (from birth to death) | |
| 1. Infancy | From birth to 2 years |
| 2. Childhood | From 3 to 12 years or up to the onset of puberty |
| (a) Early childhood | From 3 to 6 years |
| (b) Later childhood | From 7 to 12 years or up to the onset of puberty |
| 3. Adolescence | From 12 to 19 years or from onset of puberty till attainment of maturity |
| (b) Early adolescence | From 12 to 16 years |
| (b) Later adolescence | From 17 to 19 years |
| 4. Adulthood | From 20 years to death |
| (a) Early adulthood | From 21 to 40 years |
| (b) Later adulthood | From 41 to 60 years |
| 5. Old age | From 61 years to death |
2. What are the three stages of human development?
Answer: The three main stages of human development which are infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
3. Describe the physical, emotional, and social developmental characteristics of infancy.
Answer: The physical, emotional, and social developmental characteristics of infancy are as follows:
Physical Development:
- Height: An average Indian child at birth measures between 17 to 21 inches. At one year, the child is 28 to 30 inches, and at two years, the child is 32 to 34 inches tall, which is almost double the birth length.
- Weight: An average Indian newborn weighs 2.5 to 3.25 kg. A newborn normally loses some weight but regains it by 7-10 days. At the age of four months, the baby doubles his or her birth weight, and at the end of the first year, triples it.
- Development of Bones: Ossification, or the hardening of bones, mainly takes place during infancy. The bones of babies are soft and can be easily deformed.
- Development of Teeth: Teeth begin to appear when the baby is 5 to 6 months old. They usually come out at a rate of about one tooth a month. Out of 20 temporary teeth, about 16 appear by the age of 2 years.
- Development in the Nervous System and Eye Muscles: Growth in the nervous system consists mainly of the development of immature cells present at birth. Eye muscles are well coordinated and can distinguish colours.
Social Development:
- The infant is not social at birth and is very self-centered, only concerned with satisfying physical needs.
- During the 1st month, the infant cannot differentiate between human voices and other noises.
- During the 2nd month, the infant recognises the sounds of human beings and smiles at people.
- During the 3rd month, the infant recognises his or her mother and feels unhappy when separated.
- During the 4th month, the infant shows selective attention to the human face and feels happy in their company.
- During the 5th month, the infant reacts differently to smiling and scolding and can distinguish between friendly and angry voices.
- During the 6th month, the infant recognises familiar persons with a smile and shows a definite expression of fear towards strangers.
- During the 8th and 9th months, the infant attempts to imitate speech, simple acts, and gestures.
- Between the 10th and 12th months, the infant plays with his or her own image.
- At the 12th month, the infant becomes an active member of the family.
- From the 13th to 18th month, the infant’s interest shifts from play materials to playmates.
- Between 20-24 months, the infant cooperates in routine activities like being dressed, fed, and bathed.
Emotional Development: In the beginning of life, emotions are not clear, but as the child grows, different emotions become clearer and can be easily interpreted.
- Anger: When interfered with, unable to do a task, or not being understood, the child reacts by screaming, kicking, and waving the arms.
- Fear: Any stimulus that occurs suddenly, unexpectedly, or is different from what the infant is used to, causes fear.
- Curiosity: Anything new or unusual acts as a stimulus for curiosity, which is expressed mainly through facial expressions.
- Joy: This is stimulated by physical well-being and friendly responses from others. It is expressed through smiling, laughing, baby coos, and gurgles.
- Affection: Family members, toys, and pets stimulate the infant’s affection, which is expressed by hugging, patting, and kissing.
4. List the general notions of infancy stage of human development.
Answer: The general notions of the infancy stage of human development are:
- Age of dependence: The infant is totally dependent on the caretaker to fulfill all its needs.
- Age of rapid growth and change: Growth is both physical and psychological. The bodily movements are more coordinated and the infant is able to recognise and identify people and objects.
- The foundation age: At this period of time, the foundation of many behaviours, patterns, attitude to others, and self and emotional expressions are being established.
- A shy age: The infant’s world is limited to the family and to some significant people. It shies away from strangers and unfamiliar surroundings.
- A hazardous age: The child is prone to physical illnesses and accidents. The high infant mortality rate is evidence of this.
- An appealing age: Adults as well as older children find the infant appealing because of its helplessness, dependency, and easy to manage feeling that one gets.
Long Answer Questions
1. Trace those events from your own childhood and adolescent stages that reflect the characteristics of these periods.
Answer: Looking back, I can see how my own life reflects the characteristics of childhood and adolescence described.
During my childhood, I remember the world being a place of exploration. I was part of a close-knit ‘peer group’ in my neighbourhood, which we considered our ‘gang’. We had our own rules and a strong sense of group loyalty. This was the ‘gang age’. I was also very curious and would ask my parents an endless stream of questions about everything, which shows it was a ‘questioning age’. Socially, I learned behaviours like cooperation and sharing while playing with my friends, but I also remember being selfish with my favourite toys at times.
Adolescence was a period of intense change. I recall feeling moody and having fluctuating emotions; I could be very happy one moment and sad the next for no clear reason. There was a strong desire for independence, and I often felt a need to rebel against the authority of my parents and teachers, replacing my earlier obedience with a spirit of criticism. I became very interested in the ways of adult living. My friendships became deeper and were based on common interests and hobbies, and these friends are still very important to me. I spent a lot of time thinking about who I was and what my role in society would be, which was my search for ‘identity’. This period was also a time of great intellectual awakening, where my curiosity was at its height, and I developed a strong urge for self-expression through writing and participating in debates.
2. How can a teacher help adolescents develop a balanced personality? Discuss your experiences in this regard.
Answer: A teacher can help adolescents develop a balanced personality in several ways. The fundamental task of education is to help adolescents progress towards physical, sexual, mental, and emotional maturity, which is the ‘fullest development’ of personality. To achieve this, the first essential thing for teachers is to develop a warm and genuine interest in them. Acceptance of emotionally disturbed students by their teachers is the basic principle which they must start with, as this helps students to understand and deal with their problems and provides the emotional security they need.
Other ways a teacher can help include:
- Introducing adolescents to suitable literature to help them satisfy their needs for adventure, love, and affection.
- Providing sex education in a plain, straightforward manner to satisfy their curiosity.
- Providing hard physical activities to exercise their fully developed physique and relieve sex pressure.
- Directing their hero-worship attitude towards desirable qualities by presenting heroes from real life, history, or literature, which may lead them towards the formation of an “Ideal-self”.
- Keeping the individual occupied in various games, co-curricular activities, and debates to avoid self-consciousness and daydreaming.
- Providing proper vocational guidance to help them select a future career.
- Ensuring their emotional life is well-balanced by curtailing activities that cause frustrations, disappointments, conflicts, and stresses.
- Providing an abundance of interesting material, manual work, plenty of outdoor exercise, games, regular sleep, and hygienic food arrangements.
During my own adolescence, I remember feeling very confused and anxious. A single sentence of a sympathetic teacher, who noticed I was struggling and told me it was okay to feel that way, restored my self-confidence. This was more helpful than any formal counselling could have been. That teacher also encouraged me to join the debate club, which helped me channel my energy positively and kept me occupied, preventing me from daydreaming. This experience showed me how a teacher’s acceptance and guidance can bridge the gap and provide the emotional security an adolescent needs.
3. Describe the physical, emotional, and social developmental characteristics of early and late childhood.
Answer: The developmental characteristics of early and late childhood are as follows:
Early Childhood (From 3 to 6 years)
- Physical Development: This stage is characterised by slow, steady, and uniform growth. By five years, the child’s height approximately becomes almost double their birth height, and they acquire almost five times their birth weight. The arms and legs lengthen, the trunk elongates and becomes slimmer, and the abdomen flattens. The nervous system shows rapid growth during the first four years, and by the age of four, the brain gains almost 80% of its final weight. Near the end of the fifth year, the permanent teeth begin to appear.
- Social Development: Social behaviours like imitation, co-operation, sympathy, and sharing are common. However, unsocial patterns like negativism, aggressiveness, selfishness, and egocentrism also develop. The child desires freedom and takes satisfaction in doing work with their own efforts.
- Emotional Development: This is a period of stability and control. The child learns to hide his/her feelings and expresses emotions in an appropriate and socially approved manner.
Late Childhood (From 7 to 12 years)
- Physical Development: Growth continues to be slow and steady. The bones continue to ossify at different rates in different parts of the body. The muscles become larger, stronger, and heavier.
- Social Development: The child becomes an active member of the ‘peer group’, and this stage is referred to as the ‘gang age’. They believe in group loyalty and try to conform to the rules and values of the group. A sort of segregation is found among boys and girls, as they form their own groups among members of their own sex. The interests and values of the peer group often have a clash with the interests and values of teachers and parents.
- Emotional Development: In this stage, the child’s emotional behaviour gets structured into sentiments. Various sentiments like religious, moral, patriotic, and aesthetic sentiments begin to develop, which leads towards character formation.
- Intellectual Development: The power of memory increases. At 7 years, a child tries to distinguish between two objects. At 8 years, a child is able to repeat sentences containing 16 to 17 words. At 9 years, a child becomes conscious of day, time, and date, and recognises coins of various denominations. At 10 years, a child points out mistakes in short sentences and repeats 60–70 words in three minutes. At 11 years, a child can recognise similarity and differences and make comparisons. At 12 years, a child points out the cause of a thing and provides his own explanation.
4. Tabulate the various differences between infancy and adolescent stages of human development.
Answer:
| Basis of Difference | Infancy (Birth to 2 years) | Adolescence (12 to 19 years) |
| Physical Development | A period of very rapid growth. Height almost doubles by two years, and weight triples in the first year. Ossification of soft bones begins, and temporary teeth appear. | Physical growth reaches its peak, and the body finds its final shape. Maximum height and weight are achieved. Sexual maturity is attained, and secondary sexual characteristics develop. |
| Social Development | The infant is not social at birth and is self-centered. Social response is directed towards family members. The infant is dependent on adults for all needs. | This is a period of social maturity. There is a strong spirit of independence and rebellion against authority. Friendships are based on common interests and are very important. The individual is in search of ‘identity’. |
| Emotional Development | Emotions are not clear at first and develop from general excitement to specific feelings like delight, distress, fear, and anger. | Emotions are violent, intensive, and fluctuating, making the individual moody, tense, and anxious. Sentiments like self-respect, personal pride, and group loyalty are strong. |
| Intellectual Development | This is the ‘Sensorimotor Stage’. Learning occurs through sensory exploration like looking, listening, and testing. The infant begins to develop basic concepts of space, weight, and self. | There is a great intellectual awakening. The individual engages in complex and abstract thought. Curiosity is at its height, and special aptitudes may develop. There is a strong urge for self-expression. |
| Dependency | The infant is totally dependent on the caretaker to fulfill all needs. | The adolescent strives for independence from adults and wants to be free from all adult restraints. |
5. Describe the physical, intellectual, and social developmental characteristics of adolescent stage of human development.
Answer: The physical, intellectual, and social developmental characteristics of the adolescent stage are as follows:
Physical Development
- The physical growth and development reaches its peak and the human body finds its final shape.
- The maximum limit with regard to increase in size, weight, and height is achieved.
- Bones and muscles increase to the greatest possible extent, leading to a great increase of motor activity.
- Growth of all other inner and outer organs reaches its maximum and almost all the glands become extremely active at this stage.
- There is growth of hair under the arms and the genital organs.
- Boys and girls develop the characteristic features of their respective sexes. For girls, there is the roundness of breasts and hip, their voice acquires shrillness, and they begin to menstruate. For boys, a beard and moustaches grow, their voice deepens, and they have nocturnal emission.
- Sexual development reaches its peak. The development undergoes three stages: Stage of Auto-erotism or Self-love, Stage of Homo-sexuality, and Stage of Heterosexuality.
Social Development
- This is a period of social maturity.
- A spirit of independence is manifested in interest. Self-assertion is strong and wants to be free from all adult restraints.
- There is a marked tendency to rebel against authority.
- They are more interested in the ways of adult living and are anxious to be initiated into it.
- Habitual obedience to parents and elders is replaced by a spirit of criticism and revolt.
- They are very much attached to their families and the feeling of family loyalty is very strong.
- Friendships of adolescents are based on their common interests, hobbies, and skills and subsequently tend to last longer than friendships in early childhood.
- They want recognition and attention from others. They are in search of ‘identity’ and seek to clarify who they are and their role in society.
- Adolescents are highly sensitive, idealists, and social reformers by nature.
Intellectual Development
- There is great intellectual awakening, and curiosity is at its height.
- Adolescents engage in a larger and more complex range of activities.
- The adolescent may develop a special aptitude for music or language, may begin composing poems, and begins to appreciate literature.
- His/her vocabulary widens and they enjoy debates, discussions, and dramas.
- The urge for self-expression is very great, which may result in writing, acting, or painting.
- The adolescent has a desire for responsibility but also has a tendency to be irresponsible.
- He/she is impatient for the results and is very enthusiastic.
6. Explain the educational significance of all three stages of human development.
Answer: The educational significance of infancy, childhood, and adolescence is as follows:
Nature of Education in Infancy: The education of the infant mostly consists of the training of higher senses, and the apparatus of education has to consist of concrete materials, as in the Montessori Method. The process of education should involve activities and concrete experiences. Education must provide for the satisfaction of the infant’s instinct of submission, self-satisfaction, and fantasy. The teacher must ensure the infant’s emotional needs are fully satisfied. School activities should be based on the pleasure-principle, meaning activities in which the child is mostly interested, and the Play-way method may be applied. The child’s experience should be enriched by taking them outdoors to places like fields, parks, and zoos to have knowledge of the world.
Nature of Education in Childhood: Childhood is the time when an individual’s basic values and ideals are shaped. Behaviour should be voluntary and guided, not dominated by force. The teacher must provide varied occupations, as the child is deeply interested in outdoor activities. The child should be given scope for questioning, and their curiosity must be satisfied by giving factual information. Learning at this stage should be based on the proper arousal of curiosity. The child should be provided opportunities to exercise their constructive instincts, and ‘Learning through doing’ should be used. Methods like the Project method, Heuristic method, Storytelling, and Dramatisation exert a strong influence. The school should also have provisions for fine arts, games, outdoor activities, and social and community activities. Discipline should be self-governed rather than done by restriction.
Nature of Education in Adolescence: The fundamental task of education is to help adolescents progress towards physical, sexual, mental, and emotional maturity, which is understood as the ‘fullest development’ of personality. To solve their problems, teachers must develop a warm and genuine interest in them and accept emotionally disturbed students to provide them with emotional security. Teachers can introduce them to suitable literature to satisfy their needs for adventure, love, and affection. Sex education should be given in a plain, straightforward manner. The adolescent must be provided with hard physical activities and a curriculum with enough material to satisfy their thirst for knowledge. A teacher can direct their hero-worship attitude towards desirable qualities to help form an “Ideal-self”. Proper vocational guidance should be given, and their emotional life should be well-balanced by keeping them occupied in games and co-curricular activities.
Additional
Extra Questions and Answers
1. Why do theorists identify various stages in development?
Answer: Even though development is a continuous process, some theorists believe that various stages can be identified for the sake of locating major shifts and determining the developmental tasks. This helps in monitoring the pace of developmental changes.
2. Who identified the stages of cognitive development?
Answer: Piaget identified the stages of cognitive development.
3. Who suggested the stages of psycho-sexual development?
Answer: Freud suggested the stages of psycho-sexual development.
4. What are the three stages of the pre-natal period?
Answer: The three stages of the pre-natal period are:
- Germinal Period
- Embryonic Period
- Foetal Period
5. What is the approximate age for the Germinal Period?
Answer: The approximate age for the Germinal Period is the first 2 weeks from conception.
6. What is the approximate age for the Embryonic Period?
Answer: The approximate age for the Embryonic Period is from 3 to 8 weeks.
7. What is the approximate age for the Foetal Period?
Answer: The approximate age for the Foetal Period is from 9 weeks to birth.
8. What is the approximate age range for the infancy stage?
Answer: The approximate age range for the infancy stage is from birth to 2 years.
9. What are the two sub-stages of childhood?
Answer: The two sub-stages of childhood are:
- Early childhood
- Later childhood
10. What is the approximate age range for early childhood?
Answer: The approximate age range for early childhood is from 3 to 6 years.
93. “During the childhood period significant changes in the sphere of physical, social, emotional, and intellectual aspects take place.” Discuss this statement in detail, providing characteristics for each domain of development during childhood.
Answer: During the childhood period, significant changes in the sphere of physical, social, emotional, and intellectual aspects take place. The main characteristics of development during this stage can be named as follows:
Physical Development: The stage of childhood is characterised as the period of slow, steady, and uniform growth. By five years, the height of the child approximately becomes almost double, and he/she acquires almost five times his birth weight. The arms and legs lengthen, the trunk elongates and becomes slimmer, and the abdomen flattens. By the time the child completes the age of four, his/her brain gains almost 80% of its final weight. The bones ossify at different rates, and near the end of the fifth year, permanent teeth begin to appear. The nervous system shows rapid growth during the first four years, and muscles become larger and stronger. Sexually, this stage is a ‘latency period’ where sexual energy lies dormant.
Social Development: Social behaviour like imitation, co-operation, sympathy, and attachment to people outside the home are common. Even unsocial patterns like negativism, aggressiveness, and egocentrism are also developed. The child desires freedom and takes satisfaction in doing work with his/her own efforts. He/she shows interest in outside activities with the peer group, becomes an active member of the ‘peer group’, and this stage is referred to as the ‘gang age’. The child believes in group loyalty and conforms to its rules. A sort of segregation is found among boys and girls, who form their own groups. The interests and values of the peer group often have a clash with those of teachers and parents.
Emotional Development: This is a period of stability and control. The child learns to hide his/her feelings and expresses emotions in an appropriate and socially approved manner. His/her emotional behaviour is not guided by instinctive causes but has an appropriate rationale behind it. The childhood stage gives birth to many complexes due to inhibition and repression. In this stage, the child’s emotional behaviour gets structured into sentiments like religious, moral, patriotic, and aesthetic sentiments, which leads towards character formation.
Intellectual Development: Mental development continues in childhood. The child seeks to satisfy his/her voracious curiosity by asking an infinite variety of questions, which is why this age is called a questioning age or an exploratory age. At this stage, reflex actions and instincts develop, and the child’s interests grow in number and extent, including interests in reading short stories and history. The power of memory increases. Specific milestones include:
- At 6 years, a child can distinguish between right and left and count up to 13 or 14 objects.
- At 7 years, a child tries to distinguish between two objects.
- At 8 years, a child is able to repeat sentences containing 16 to 17 words.
- At 9 years, a child becomes conscious of day, time, and date and recognises coins.
- At 10 years, a child points out mistakes in short sentences and repeats 60-70 words in three minutes.
- At 11 years, a child can recognise similarity and differences and make comparisons.
- At 12 years, a child points out the cause of a thing and provides his own explanation.
94. “Adolescence represents a period of intensive growth and change in nearly all aspects of a child’s physical, mental, social, and emotional life.” Elaborate on this.
Answer: The word ‘adolescence’ comes from the Latin word ‘adolescere’ which means ‘to grow’. So the essence of the word adolescence is growth, and it represents a period of intensive growth and change in nearly all aspects of a child’s physical, mental, social, and emotional life.
Physical Development: The physical growth and development reaches its peak, and the human body finds its final shape. The maximum limit with regard to increase in size, weight, and height is achieved. Bones and muscles increase to the greatest possible extent, leading to a great increase in motor activity. There is growth of hair under the arms and the genital organs. Boys and girls develop the characteristic features of their respective sexes.
- Girls: There is the roundness of breasts and hip. Their voice acquires shrillness and becomes sweet, and they begin to menstruate.
- Boys: Beard and moustaches grow. Their voice deepens and becomes harsher, and they have nocturnal emission.
Sexual development reaches its peak and undergoes three stages of change:
- Stage of Auto-erotism or Self-love: The adolescent loves his/her body and may indulge in self-stimulation of the genitals.
- Stage of Homo-sexuality: Boys and girls are attracted toward members of their own sex.
- Stage of Heterosexuality: Boys and girls are seen attracted towards each other and try to attract each other through different ways, like dressing up nicely and politeness in behaviour.
Social Development: Adolescence is a period of rapid change, adjustments, and social maturity. Characteristics include a spirit of independence, a marked tendency to rebel against authority, and an interest in the ways of adult living. Habitual obedience is replaced by a spirit of criticism and revolt. Friendships are based on common interests and skills and tend to last longer. They want recognition and attention from others and are in search of ‘identity’. Adolescents are highly sensitive, idealists, and social reformers by nature, feeling strongly for the weak and sufferers. Common social interests include enjoying parties, having conversations in get-togethers, and helping others.
Emotional Development: Adolescents experience violent and intensive currents of emotions. At no stage is this emotional energy as strong and dangerous. They are not consistent in their emotions, which are fluctuating, frequent, and quick, making them moody. The emotional balance is disturbed, and the adolescent child remains very tense and anxious. It is the period of lightning of all emotions like anxiety, fear, love, and anger. Emotions take their roots as sentiments like self-consciousness, self-respect, and personal pride. The adolescent feels strongly, reacts vigorously, and becomes introvert, moving in the inner world. Birth of religious emotions, missionary zeal, and altruism emerge during this period. They may also develop many complexes and think of themselves as beyond redemption, hunted by a sense of sin, fear, anxiety, and depression.
Intellectual Development: There is great intellectual awakening. Adolescents engage in a larger and more complex range of activities, and curiosity is at its height. They may develop a special aptitude for music or language, begin composing poems, and appreciate literature. His/her vocabulary widens, and they enjoy debates and discussions. The urge for self-expression is very great, which may result in writing, acting, or painting. The adolescent has a desire for responsibility but also has a tendency to be irresponsible. He/she is impatient for the results and is very enthusiastic.
Extra MCQs: Knowledge-Based
1. The period of human development from 3 to 8 weeks after conception is known as the:
A. Germinal Period
B. Embryonic Period
C. Foetal Period
D. Infancy
Answer: B. Embryonic Period
2. Who famously described an infant’s perceptual world as “A blooming, buzzing confusion”?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Jean Piaget
C. Elizabeth Hurlock
D. William James
Answer: D. William James
3. At approximately what age does an average infant’s birth weight typically triple?
A. 4 months
B. 6 months
C. 1 year
D. 2 years
Answer: C. 1 year
4. The process of hardening of the bones, which is significant during infancy, is called:
A. Ossification
B. Articulation
C. Calcification
D. Maturation
Answer: A. Ossification
5. According to the typical progression of emotional development, which emotion is generally present at birth?
A. Fear
B. Delight
C. Excitement
D. Anger
Answer: C. Excitement
6. At what age does an infant typically begin to show a definite fear of strangers?
A. 2 months
B. 4 months
C. 6 months
D. 8 months
Answer: C. 6 months
7. Jean Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, which characterizes infancy, is the:
A. Preoperational Stage
B. Sensorimotor Stage
C. Concrete Operational Stage
D. Formal Operational Stage
Answer: B. Sensorimotor Stage
8. The stage of childhood often referred to as the ‘gang age’ is associated with:
A. A focus on family activities
B. The development of language
C. Active membership in a peer group
D. The onset of puberty
Answer: C. Active membership in a peer group
9. The word ‘adolescence’ originates from the Latin word ‘adolescere’, which means:
A. To rebel
B. To change
C. To think
D. To grow
Answer: D. To grow
10. In terms of sexual development, the childhood stage is often described as the:
A. Latency period
B. Genital period
C. Phallic period
D. Oral period
Answer: A. Latency period
51. Sexually, the childhood stage is referred to as the ‘__________ period’, where sexual energy lies dormant.
A. active
B. formative
C. expressive
D. latency
Answer: D. latency
Extra MCQs: Competency-Based
1. Infancy : Birth to 2 years :: Early Childhood : ____________.
A. 3 to 6 years
B. 7 to 12 years
C. 12 to 16 years
D. 21 to 40 years
Answer: A. 3 to 6 years
2. Cognitive Development : Piaget :: Psycho-sexual Development : ____________.
A. Hurlock
B. James
C. Freud
D. Montessori
Answer: C. Freud
3. Adolescence : Search for identity :: Childhood : ____________.
A. Gang age
B. Foundation age
C. Hazardous age
D. Shy age
Answer: A. Gang age
4. Infancy : Rapid physical growth :: Childhood : ____________.
A. Peak physical growth
B. Onset of puberty
C. Development of motor skills
D. Slow and steady growth
Answer: D. Slow and steady growth
5. Play-way Method : Infancy :: Vocational Guidance : ____________.
A. Early Childhood
B. Later Childhood
C. Adolescence
D. Adulthood
Answer: C. Adolescence
6. Embryonic Period : 3 to 8 weeks :: Foetal Period : ____________.
A. First 2 weeks from conception
B. 9 weeks to birth
C. Birth to 2 years
D. 3 to 6 years
Answer: B. 9 weeks to birth
7. Emotional Turbulence : Adolescence :: Emotional Stability : ____________.
A. Infancy
B. Old Age
C. Adulthood
D. Childhood
Answer: D. Childhood
8. Tripling of birth weight : First year :: Doubling of birth length : ____________.
A. First six months
B. First year
C. First two years
D. First three years
Answer: C. First two years
9. Auto-erotism : Self-love :: Heterosexuality : ____________.
A. Lack of sexual interest
B. Love for family members
C. Attraction to same sex
D. Attraction to opposite sex
Answer: D. Attraction to opposite sex
10. Questioning Age : Childhood :: Sensory Exploration : ____________.
A. Infancy
B. Adolescence
C. Adulthood
D. Pre-natal period
Answer: A. Infancy
41. (I) A child seeks to satisfy his/her voracious curiosity by asking many questions.
(II) The childhood stage is called a questioning age.
A. I is a contradiction of II.
B. I is independent of II.
C. I is the cause for II.
D. II is the cause for I.
Answer: C. I is the cause for II.
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