Get notes, summary, questions and answers, MCQs, extras, and PDFs of Chapter 12 “The Modern Age in Europe (B) Reformation” which is part of ICSE Class 9 History (Total History). However, the notes should only be treated as references and changes should be made according to the needs of the students.
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Summary
The chapter discusses the Reformation, a significant religious movement in 16th-century Europe. The Reformation was initiated by Christians who were dissatisfied with the practices and corruption within the Catholic Church. This movement led to a split in the Christian Church, creating two groups: Roman Catholics, who remained loyal to the Pope, and Protestants, who broke away. The Reformation took place in several European countries, including England, France, and Germany, with variations in beliefs and rituals among different Protestant groups.
Several factors contributed to the Reformation. The Catholic Church had become a powerful and wealthy institution, but this power led to widespread corruption. Economic practices, such as the collection of tithes and indulgences, angered many people. Indulgences were certificates that people could buy to reduce punishment for their sins, both in life and after death. The Church also sold positions of power to the highest bidders, a practice known as simony.
Moral decay within the Church was another cause. Many clergymen lived in luxury and neglected their religious duties. Rulers were also unhappy with the Church’s interference in political matters and supported the Reformation to weaken its power.
Martin Luther, a German priest, played a crucial role in the Reformation. He strongly opposed the sale of indulgences and other Church practices. In 1517, he wrote his Ninety-five Theses, criticizing the Church, and nailed them to the door of a church in Wittenburg. This act sparked the Protestant Movement. Despite facing opposition, Luther’s ideas spread, leading to the establishment of Protestantism in various parts of Europe.
In response to the Reformation, the Catholic Church initiated the Counter Reformation, aiming to reform itself and regain credibility. The Council of Trent was held to address the issues raised and make necessary changes. The Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, also played a key role in revitalising the Catholic Church.
Video tutorial
Textbook (Total History) solutions
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Who exposed the practices of the Church through ‘In Praise of Folly’?
A. Desiderius Erasmus
B. Hugo Grotius
C. Jacob Moleschott
D. Bernard Mandeville
Answer: A. Desiderius Erasmus
2. Which French King forced Pope Clement V to stay in France?
A. Philip I
B. Philip II
C. Philip IV
D. Philip III
Answer: C. Philip IV
3. Name the German clergyman and professor of Theology at the University of Wittenburg, who openly criticised papacy.
A. Martin Thomas
B. Martin Luther
C. Desiderius Erasmus
D. Philip II
Answer: B. Martin Luther
4. Which King of England got the Church lands and in 1536 passed an Act for the dissolution of monasteries?
A. Henry VII
B. Philip IV
C. Henry VIII
D. Philip VII
Answer: C. Henry VIII
5. What is simony?
A. Practice of joining priesthood
B. Practice of church offices given to the highest bidder
C. Practice of penance on behalf of a sinner
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Practice of church offices given to the highest bidder
6. Who was responsible for establishing seminaries to educate and train priests?
A. Council of Chalcedon
B. Council of Trent
C. Council of Nicaea
D. Council of Ephesus
Answer: B. Council of Trent
7. Who founded the Society of Jesus?
A. Ignatius Loyola
B. Ignatius Gloriana
C. Philippe de Bourbon
D. Felipe V
Answer: A. Ignatius Loyola
Select the correct relationship
1. (A) Those who broke away from the Church at Rome were called the Protestants.
(B) The Protestants of one country were different from those of another country in many ways.
(a) (B) contradicts (A)
(b) (B) is the reason for (A)
(c) (A) is true but (B) is false
(d) (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Answer: (d) (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation: Statement (A) describes a group of Christians who separated from the Roman Catholic Church and became known as Protestants. Statement (B) indicates that within this group, there were differences in beliefs and practices across different countries. While both statements are true, they are independent of each other because the fact that Protestants existed (A) is not directly caused by or related to the differences among them (B).
2. (A) In the middle ages, the Church had vast properties, which gave ample income to the Church.
(B) The clergy collected ‘Peter’s Pence’ from the people to build St. Peter’s Church as well as ‘Indulgences’ and ‘Simony’ to get more money.
(a) (B) contradicts (A)
(b) (B) is the reason for (A)
(c) (A) is true but (B) is false
(d) (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Answer: (d) (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Explanation: Statement (A) speaks about the wealth and properties owned by the Church during the Middle Ages. Statement (B) discusses additional practices by the clergy to gather more funds. Although both statements describe aspects of the Church’s wealth, they are not directly related—statement (A) talks about existing wealth, while statement (B) talks about further financial practices. Therefore, they are independent of each other.
3. (A) Lutheranism was recognised as a legal form of Christianity by The Peace of Augsburg in 1955.
(B) The Northern States remained loyal to the Catholic Church and the Southern States accepted Lutheranism.
(a) (B) contradicts (A)
(b) (B) is the reason for (A)
(c) (A) is true but (B) is false
(d) (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Answer: (c) (A) is true but (B) is false
Explanation: Statement (A) correctly states that Lutheranism was legally recognised by The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 (note: there seems to be a typo in the year mentioned in the question). Statement (B) is incorrect because it reverses the historical reality: the Northern states in Germany largely accepted Lutheranism, while the Southern states remained loyal to the Catholic Church. Therefore, (A) is true, but (B) is false.
4. (A) The Counter Reformation Movement was started to restore the credibility of the Catholic Church.
(B) By the Council of Trent, the Church was forbidden to charge fees for conducting religious services.
(a) (B) contradicts (A)
(b) (A) is the reason for (B)
(c) (A) is true but (B) is false
(d) (A) and (B) are independent of each other.
Answer: (b) (A) is the reason for (B)
Explanation: Statement (A) correctly states that the Counter Reformation was initiated to address the issues within the Catholic Church and restore its credibility. Statement (B) describes one of the actions taken by the Council of Trent as part of this movement. Since the Counter Reformation (A) led to the decisions made by the Council of Trent, including forbidding fees for religious services (B), (A) is indeed the reason for (B).
Short Answer Questions
1. What is known as the Reformation?
Answer: The Reformation is the name given to a group of religious movements of the sixteenth century launched by the Christians against the various drawbacks of the Church and the objectionable practices of the clergymen.
2. What was known as a Letter of Indulgence?
Answer: Indulgences were letters which remitted punishments of the sinners who bought them, both in this life and after their death.
3. What is known as the Protestant Movement?
Answer: The Protestant Movement was the movement launched by Martin Luther against the abuses in the Church and the authority of the Pope.
4. Why did kings support the Reformation Movement?
Answer: Pope’s interference in the political affairs was naturally opposed by the kings. They strongly supported the Reformation Movement in order to weaken the Church.
5. Who was Erasmus? Name the book he wrote.
Answer: Desiderius Erasmus, a Dutch philosopher and humanist exposed them in his book named ‘In Praise of Folly’.
6. What role did Henry VIII play in curbing the power of the Pope?
Answer: King Henry VIII of England hardly cared for the Pope. He got the Church lands and in 1536 passed an Act for the dissolution of monasteries, whereby small monasteries with an income of less than £200 a year were closed and their buildings, land and money taken by the Crown.
7. What was the Counter Reformation?
Answer: The Counter Reformation was a movement initiated by the Roman Catholic Church in order to restore the credibility of the Catholic Church.
8. What was the role of the Council of Trent in Counter Reformation?
Answer: The Council made a number of changes in the Catholic Church. It expanded its doctrines in the light of the changed attitudes of the times. It condemned leading an irresponsible religious life by the clergy. The Pope was regarded as the head of the Catholic Church and the final interpreter of the Christian doctrine.
Structured Questions
1. With reference to the Reformation, answer the following:
(a) Mention any three Church practices that caused dissatisfaction among the people.
Answer:
- Economic Factors: The Church owned vast properties and collected a tithe, which was one-tenth of a person’s income. Pope Leo X issued indulgences to raise money for St. Peter’s Church, allowing people to buy forgiveness. Church offices were sold to the highest bidder, a practice called simony, which annoyed both rulers and the common people.
- Corruption in the Church: Initially, the clergy were respected, but over time, some clergymen became corrupt, living in luxury and neglecting duties. Priests charged fees for every religious service, from birth to death. Desiderius Erasmus exposed these practices in his book ‘In Praise of Folly’, paving the way for the Reformation.
- Movements against the Church: Anti-Church movements began in the middle ages. John Wycliffe, an English priest, criticised the Church’s worldliness and some practices. He emphasised the Bible as the sole guide for salvation. His expulsion from Oxford created dissatisfaction among scholars.
(b) How did New Learning become a factor that led to the Reformation?
Answer: The Renaissance spread new learning and a spirit of enquiry. The invention of the printing press and the Bible’s translation into vernacular languages broadened people’s outlook. This led to questioning the Church’s authority, its practices, and the clergy’s lifestyles, fostering a secular attitude among people. The changing attitudes led to the growth of secular ideas.
(c) Who were the Protestants? By what other names was Protestantism known?
Answer: The Reformation was a group of 16th-century religious movements against the Church’s practices. It created a split in the Christian Church between those loyal to the Pope, known as Roman Catholics, and those who broke away, known as Protestants.
2. Study the picture given below and answer the following questions.
(a) Identify the person in the picture. How did he challenge the church?
Answer: The person is Martin Luther. He challenged the Church by criticising papal authority and the sale of indulgences. In 1517, he wrote Ninety-five theses highlighting differences between Church beliefs and practices and nailed them to the church door at Wittenburg. His pilgrimage to Rome in 1512 further strengthened his opposition to the Church.
(b) What is known as the Diet of Worms? Who supported him when he was outlawed?
Answer: The Diet of Worms was a 1521 council held at Worms, where Luther was ordered to recant his views, and his writings were burned. Despite being outlawed, he was supported by German rulers, preventing any harm from coming to him.
(c) State the contribution of this person in reforming the church in Europe.
Answer: Martin Luther translated the Bible into German and established an independent church. He travelled widely, spreading the Protestant Movement, which gained acceptance. Lutheranism was legally recognised by the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, leading to a religious split in Germany, with the Southern states remaining Catholic and the Northern states adopting Lutheranism.
Thinking Skills
1. Imagine you are Martin Luther, draft a speech that you would give to defend yourself at the Diet of Worms.
Answer: “Most Serene Emperor, Illustrious Princes, and Gracious Lords,
I stand before you today with a conscience bound by the Word of God, and I must speak the truth as I see it. I have been summoned to renounce or reaffirm the teachings that have caused such a great stir across the Christian world. I will not waste your time with grand rhetoric or flattery, for I believe this matter is too serious for such things.
I am accused of heresy because I have written against the abuses and corruptions within the Church. I have questioned the authority of the Pope and the selling of indulgences, practices which I believe deviate from the teachings of Christ and the Holy Scriptures. My accusers would have me retract these writings and recant my statements. They demand that I submit unconditionally to the judgment of this council and the Church authorities. But, esteemed lords, I cannot do this.
Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason— for I do not trust in the Pope or councils alone, since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves— I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I can do no other. God help me. Amen.”
2. The period when religious reformers challenged some of the practices of the Roman Catholic Church across Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, was marked by the rise of Bhakti and Sufi movements in India. Compare and contrast the religious reform movements in India and Europe.
Answer: The religious reform movements in Europe and India during the 15th and 16th centuries, though distinct in their contexts and doctrines, share common threads of seeking spiritual purity and challenging established religious authorities. In Europe, the Reformation led by figures like Martin Luther was a direct response to the corruption and excesses within the Roman Catholic Church. It emphasized returning to the Scriptures, reducing the power of the clergy, and focusing on individual faith.
In India, the Bhakti and Sufi movements arose as responses to the rigid caste system and the formalistic rituals that had overtaken the essence of spirituality. Bhakti saints like Kabir and Mira Bai, and Sufi mystics like Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, emphasized a direct, personal connection with the divine, transcending the barriers of caste, creed, and religious formalities.
While the European Reformation led to the fragmentation of Christianity and the rise of Protestantism, the Indian movements fostered a spirit of inclusivity and tolerance, blending ideas from both Hinduism and Islam. Both movements, however, shared a common goal: to bring religion back to its spiritual roots, focusing on personal devotion and moral integrity over institutional authority.
Extra/additional MCQs
1. Who was the main target of the Reformation movements?
A. The Kings B. The Popes C. The Bishops D. The Monks
Answer: B. The Popes
27. What was the broader European reaction to the Reformation movements?
A. Unanimous support B. Complete rejection C. Division between Catholics and Protestants D. Indifference
Answer: C. Division between Catholics and Protestants
Extra/additional questions and answers
1. What was the main target of the Reformation movements?
Answer: The Pope was the main target.
25. Explain the causes and consequences of King Henry VIII’s dissolution of the monasteries and how it affected the relationship between the English Crown and the Catholic Church.
Answer: King Henry VIII’s dissolution of the monasteries in England, which began in 1536, was both a religious and political maneuver that had far-reaching consequences. The causes of this dissolution were multifaceted, rooted in Henry’s desire to assert his authority over the Church in England and to consolidate wealth and power.
One of the primary causes was Henry’s need for financial resources. His lavish lifestyle, along with costly wars, had drained the royal treasury. Monasteries were among the wealthiest institutions in England, owning vast lands and accumulating significant wealth. By dissolving the monasteries, Henry could seize their assets, including land, buildings, and money, which would bolster the Crown’s finances.
Another cause was Henry’s desire to break away from the authority of the Pope. His request for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon had been denied by the Pope, leading Henry to take matters into his own hands. By dissolving the monasteries and redistributing their wealth, Henry not only reduced the power of the Catholic Church in England but also asserted his supremacy as the head of the Church of England, a title he had assumed through the Act of Supremacy in 1534.
The consequences of the dissolution were significant. The closure of monasteries led to the redistribution of their lands to Henry’s supporters, creating a new class of landowners loyal to the Crown. This strengthened Henry’s political position and weakened the influence of the Catholic Church in England. The dissolution also led to the displacement of monks and nuns, many of whom were left without means of support.
The relationship between the English Crown and the Catholic Church was irrevocably altered. By dismantling the monastic system and seizing Church property, Henry effectively severed ties with Rome and established the Church of England as a separate entity. This marked the beginning of a period of religious transformation in England, leading to the establishment of Protestantism as the dominant faith and the persecution of those who remained loyal to the Catholic Church.
Ron’e Dutta is a journalist, teacher, aspiring novelist, and blogger who manages Online Free Notes. An avid reader of Victorian literature, his favourite book is Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë. He dreams of travelling the world. You can connect with him on social media. He does personal writing on ronism.
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