Get textual answers, explanations, solutions, notes, extras, MCQs, PDF of Chapter 13: ISE Class 12 English Language/Grammar (Total English) solved which comprises Sequence of Tenses, Narrative Composition, Prepositions, and Specimen Paper-13. However, the educational materials should only be used for reference, and students are encouraged to make necessary changes.
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Sequence of Tenses
ASSIGNMENT
Fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verbs given in brackets:
1. Roger studied hard so that he ………. (succeed).
Answer: might succeed
Explanation: The phrase “so that” often indicates a purpose or intention, which is typically expressed in English with “might” or “could” when referring to a possible outcome. “Might” is used here to indicate that success was a potential result of Roger studying hard. For example, “She worked extra hours so that she might finish the project on time.”
2. The judge declared that the thief ……. (be) guilty.
Answer: was
Explanation: The verb “declared” is in the past tense, so the verb in the dependent clause “that the thief was guilty” also follows in the past tense. This aligns with the rule of sequence of tenses. For instance, “He said that he was ready.”
3. The teacher explained that the sun …………… (rise) in the east.
Answer: rises
Explanation: General truths, such as the sun rising in the east, are stated in the present tense regardless of the tense of the reporting verb. Even though “explained” is in the past tense, the timeless truth remains in the present tense. For example, “The book said that water boils at 100°C.”
4. I waited for him until he …………. (come).
Answer: came
Explanation: The past simple tense “came” is used because the action of waiting is in the past, as indicated by “waited.” The verb in the subordinate clause must match this past reference. For instance, “I stayed there until he returned.”
5. Newton discovered that the force of gravity ………. (make) the apple fall.
Answer: makes
Explanation: Even though the reporting verb “discovered” is in the past tense, the scientific fact about gravity is always true and is therefore stated in the present tense. For example, “Galileo proved that objects fall at the same rate regardless of their mass.”
6. I believe that God …………. (be) everywhere.
Answer: is
Explanation: Beliefs and universal truths are expressed in the present tense, regardless of the tense of the main clause. For instance, “She knows that honesty is important.”
7. He ran so fast that I ……..(can) not overtake him.
Answer: could
Explanation: “Could” is the past tense of “can,” used here because the main clause “he ran” is in the past tense. For example, “He spoke so softly that I could barely hear him.”
8. The witness affirms that the accused ………….. (be) not guilty.
Answer: is
Explanation: The verb “affirms” is in the present tense, so the dependent clause must also be in the present tense. For example, “He asserts that the facts are correct.”
9. Wherever there is coal, you ……..(find) iron.
Answer: find
Explanation: The present tense is used in both clauses here because the statement describes a general rule or habitual occurrence. For instance, “Wherever there is smoke, you find fire.”
10. He carried roses whenever he ………………….. (visit) her grave.
Answer: visited
Explanation: The past tense “visited” is used to match the main clause “he carried,” indicating repeated actions in the past. For example, “She sang whenever she played the piano.”
11. She informed me that she always …………(speak) the truth.
Answer: speaks
Explanation: Habitual actions or truths are stated in the present tense, even if the reporting verb is in the past tense. For instance, “He said that he always eats breakfast at 8 a.m.”
12. A great city once stood where now ……………. (lie) the village.
Answer: lies
Explanation: “Now” indicates the present tense, so the verb “lie” must be in the present tense to reflect the current state. For example, “Where once stood a forest, now lies a desert.”
13. He finished first though he …………. (begin) late.
Answer: began
Explanation: The past simple “began” is used to describe an action that occurred before another action in the past. For instance, “She succeeded even though she started late.”
14. The teacher thought he …….. (will) fail.
Answer: would
Explanation: “Would” is the past form of “will” and is used in reported speech when the reporting verb is in the past tense. For instance, “She believed he would win the race.”
15. Our average body temperature ….(decline) as we age.
Answer: declines
Explanation: General statements or facts are expressed in the present tense. For example, “The human body requires water to function.”
20. The cyclonic storm ……. (tear) the roof off.
Answer: tore
Explanation: The sentence refers to an event that has already occurred, so the past simple form of “tear” is used. The past simple of “tear” is “tore.” For example, “The strong wind tore the paper into pieces.”
Narrative Composition
ASSIGNMENT
Write a composition on any one of the following:
1. “Where wealth accumulates, men decay.” Referring to an incident in your life, state how rich people are often led to their doom.
Where Wealth Accumulates, Men Decay
It was during my summer holidays in Pune that I visited the grand bungalow of my distant relative, Ramesh uncle. He was known for his wealth, owning multiple businesses and properties. His mansion stood tall, surrounded by high walls and guarded gates. The marble floors, crystal chandeliers, and imported furniture all spoke of immense riches. Yet, something felt empty.
As I sat in the spacious living room, I noticed a strange silence. His wife, Leela aunty, barely spoke, and their teenage son, Arjun, seemed distant, glued to his phone. Later, I overheard the housekeeper mentioning how the family barely ate meals together or spent time with one another. Ramesh uncle, despite all his money, seemed tired and anxious, constantly on calls and shouting at his employees.
The next day, I wandered into the garden and met Arjun. We got talking, and he shared how lonely he felt. “Papa is always busy. Even when he’s home, he’s thinking about his work. Mama stays upset because they argue a lot about money. I have everything, but I feel like I have nothing,” he said softly.
A few months later, I heard that one of Ramesh uncle’s businesses had suffered a major loss. The family began arguing even more. Despite their wealth, they were unhappy and stressed. I realised how the very riches they had worked hard for had distanced them from simple joys—love, togetherness, and peace of mind.
This incident taught me a lesson. Wealth can provide comfort, but when it becomes the sole focus, it can destroy relationships and happiness. A rich life is not about possessions but about meaningful connections and contentment. As the saying goes, “Where wealth accumulates, men decay.” I saw it happen in Ramesh uncle’s life and understood why balance is key to true happiness.
2. Write a composition narrating the incidents of a day when your city witnessed very heavy rainfall and you faced several problems because of it.
The Day It Rained Heavily
Last July, my city, Mumbai, experienced one of the heaviest rainfalls I had ever seen. The rain began early in the morning, pouring down relentlessly. By the time I stepped out to go to school, water had already started collecting on the roads. I thought it would stop soon, but I was wrong.
As I reached the bus stop, I realised that the bus service was disrupted. The roads were clogged with knee-deep water, and vehicles were stuck. With no other option, I decided to walk back home. My umbrella barely helped as the wind was too strong. Rainwater seeped into my shoes, making every step cold and uncomfortable. I saw people struggling to keep their balance, while some had their belongings soaked or damaged.
On the way, I noticed small shops shutting down as water flooded their entrances. The local vegetable vendor stood helpless, trying to save his goods from floating away. Children were stuck in their school vans, and anxious parents were making calls to check on their safety. The drains were overflowing, and dirty water spread everywhere, creating an unbearable smell.
By the time I got home, drenched and exhausted, the power supply had been cut off. The ceiling fan and lights wouldn’t work, making the house dark and humid. My mother quickly gave me a towel and a warm cup of tea. We sat near the window, watching the rain and worrying about my father, who was stuck in his office due to the waterlogged streets.
That night, I slept without power, sweating in the muggy heat and listening to the endless sound of rain. The next morning, the rain had stopped, but the streets were still a mess. It took days for the city to return to normal, but the experience made me appreciate the resilience of people who face such challenges every year. Heavy rainfall is beautiful to watch, but the problems it brings can make life very difficult.
3. Narrate an incident in which you went out of the way to help someone.
A Day of Unexpected Kindness
It was a chilly December evening in Delhi when I had just stepped out of my coaching class. The streets were crowded as usual, and the cold wind made me eager to rush home. As I was walking towards the metro station, I noticed an elderly man sitting on the pavement, shivering in the cold. He looked frail, wearing a thin shirt and torn slippers.
Something made me stop. I couldn’t ignore him, even though I was running late. I walked up to him and asked if he was okay. He looked up, his eyes filled with sadness, and said he had not eaten all day. His words struck me deeply. I looked around and spotted a small food stall nearby. Without thinking twice, I bought a plate of hot samosas and a cup of tea for him.
When I handed him the food, his trembling hands reached out, and he gave me a weak but grateful smile. As he ate, I noticed he still looked cold. I realised my scarf could make a difference, so I wrapped it around his shoulders. At first, he hesitated, but I insisted. He thanked me with a shaky voice, and that moment filled my heart with warmth.
Before leaving, I asked if he had a place to stay. He mentioned he usually slept near the bus stand but wasn’t sure he could survive the cold that night. I decided to take him to a nearby shelter home I had heard about. I explained his situation to the staff there, and they welcomed him in. I left only after ensuring he was comfortable and safe.
That night, I reached home feeling lighter and happier. Helping someone in need made me realise how small acts of kindness can make a big difference. It wasn’t about the money or time I spent—it was about stepping out of my routine to care for another human being. That day taught me that the world becomes a better place when we choose compassion over indifference.
Prepositions
ASSIGNMENT
Fill in the blanks using appropriate Prepositions:
1. He turned……….at 7 o’clock – two hours late!
Answer: up
Explanation: “Turned up” is a phrasal verb meaning “arrived.” For example, “He turned up unexpectedly at the party.”
2. The young lady turned ………….. to be very nice.
Answer: out
Explanation: “Turned out” means to prove or result in a particular way. For example, “The recipe turned out well.”
3. The plane took……..at 11.30
Answer: off
Explanation: “Took off” is used to describe an aircraft leaving the ground. For example, “The helicopter took off from the field.”
4. Now he has taken………..drinking.
Answer: to
Explanation: “Taken to” means to begin doing something regularly. For example, “She has taken to jogging every morning.”
5. Let us set…………all formalities.
Answer: aside
Explanation: “Set aside” means to ignore or put something away temporarily. For example, “They set aside their differences to work together.”
6. The Chinese have set ………. a factory.
Answer: up
Explanation: “Set up” means to establish or start something. For example, “The company set up a new office in London.”
7. Yesterday, at the supermarket, Jane ran ………….her former roommate.
Answer: into
Explanation: “Ran into” means to meet someone unexpectedly. For example, “I ran into an old friend at the station.”
8. Time is running……………..I have to complete my project.
Answer: out
Explanation: “Running out” means something is becoming scarce or is about to end. For example, “We are running out of time.”
9. The government has taken…………our firm.
Answer: over
Explanation: “Taken over” means to assume control of something. For example, “The company was taken over by a larger firm.”
10. Dia has been taking care…………her father since he was discharged from the hospital.
Answer: of
Explanation: “Taking care of” means to look after someone or something. For example, “She takes care of her younger siblings.”
11. As the hotels are full I’ll put you………….for the night.
Answer: up
Explanation: “Put up” means to provide accommodation temporarily. For example, “They put me up in their guest room.”
12. It is snowing outside put ……..your snow shoes.
Answer: on
Explanation: “Put on” means to wear something. For example, “Put on your coat before you go out.”
13. They pulled …………….all the hoardings along the main road.
Answer: down
Explanation: “Pulled down” means to remove or demolish something. For example, “They pulled down the old building.”
14. The patient has pulled ………her illness.
Answer: through
Explanation: “Pulled through” means to recover from a serious illness or situation. For example, “He pulled through after the surgery.”
20. Little Sonu held …….to his mother’s hand as they crossed the road.
Answer: on
Explanation: “Held on to” means to grip or grasp something tightly. For example, “She held on to the railing for support.”
Specimen Paper-13
Question 1
Write a composition (in approximately 400-450 words) on any one of the following subjects. (You are reminded that you will be rewarded for orderly and coherent presentation of matter, use of appropriate style and general accuracy of spelling, punctuation and grammar.)
(i) Suppose that you had gone for a holiday with your family to a hill station and there was a natural calamity. As a result you had to spend two days with little food and water. Describe the incident and your feelings during and after that horrifying experience.
A Holiday to Remember
Last June, my family and I went to Mussoorie for a much-needed break from the scorching Delhi heat. The hill station was as picturesque as we had imagined—lush green valleys, misty mornings, and the scent of pine in the air. We stayed in a small cottage overlooking the hills and planned to explore the place for a week. Little did we know, this trip would turn into an unforgettable ordeal.
On the third day, the weather took a sudden turn. Dark clouds loomed over the sky, and heavy rain began pouring down. At first, it felt like a typical hill station downpour, but it quickly escalated. The rain became relentless, and the news on the radio warned of a potential landslide. By evening, the roads were blocked, and power lines were damaged, leaving the entire area in darkness.
We had carried some snacks for the trip, but they were hardly enough to sustain us for long. The cottage owner brought us water from a nearby spring, but it was limited. As the hours passed, the rain continued to pour, and the situation worsened. We could hear distant rumblings of falling rocks and trees crashing down. The fear of being stranded in the middle of nowhere gripped all of us.
By the second day, hunger and exhaustion began to take their toll. My younger sister, who was usually cheerful, sat quietly in a corner, clutching her stomach. We had to ration whatever little food was left, sharing small portions to keep ourselves going. The cold was unbearable, and the damp air made it difficult to stay warm. Despite all this, we tried to remain hopeful, supporting each other with words of comfort.
Finally, on the third morning, the rain subsided. Rescue teams arrived, clearing the debris and providing food and medical aid. Seeing those uniformed men climb through the difficult terrain to help us felt like a blessing. We were taken to a relief camp where we ate a warm meal after two days and got a chance to call our relatives to let them know we were safe.
The experience left a deep impression on me. The fear of being helpless in the face of nature’s fury taught me humility and gratitude. It also made me appreciate the resilience of people who live in such areas and face these challenges regularly. Even though it was terrifying, the incident brought my family closer and reminded us of the strength we have when we stand together.
(ii) Imagine that you met the famous actor you had always wanted to meet. Narrate what happened during and after the meeting.
A Dream Come True
It was a sunny afternoon when I finally met my favourite actor, Aditya Sharma. He was in my city, Bengaluru, for the promotion of his latest film. I had admired his work for years, especially his ability to bring characters to life with such depth and emotion. When I heard he was holding a meet-and-greet at a local mall, I couldn’t believe my luck.
I reached the venue early, but there was already a huge crowd. Fans were holding banners, cheering, and some even dressed like characters from his movies. After what felt like hours, Aditya finally appeared on stage, and the crowd erupted in excitement. He waved and smiled, his presence as magnetic as I had imagined.
I was one of the few lucky fans who got to meet him up close. My heart raced as my turn approached. When I finally stood before him, I was speechless for a moment. He smiled warmly and said, “Hi, what’s your name?” His voice was calm, and his friendly demeanour put me at ease.
I told him how much I admired his work and mentioned how his performance in The Silent Warrior had inspired me to write a school essay on resilience. He seemed genuinely touched and thanked me. Then, to my surprise, he asked me about my aspirations. I told him I wanted to be a writer one day, and he encouraged me to follow my dreams, saying, “Stories are what make us who we are—never stop telling them.”
We clicked a picture together, and he even signed my notebook, writing, “To my storyteller friend—keep shining, Aditya Sharma.” It felt surreal to see those words in his handwriting. The entire meeting lasted only a few minutes, but it felt like a lifetime of memories packed into one.
After the meeting, I couldn’t stop smiling. I showed the autograph to my friends and family, who shared my excitement. That evening, I replayed every moment in my head, marvelling at how humble and kind he was despite being such a huge star. His words about storytelling stayed with me, inspiring me to write even more.
Meeting Aditya Sharma wasn’t just a dream come true; it was a turning point. It reminded me that even the most celebrated people are human and that their success lies in their humility and hard work. It was a day I would cherish forever.
(iii) Professionals like doctors and engineers should not be allowed to appear at the Civil Services Examination. Express your views either FOR or AGAINST the given statement.
Professionals Should Be Allowed to Appear at the Civil Services Examination
The question of whether professionals like doctors and engineers should be allowed to appear for the Civil Services Examination has sparked much debate. I firmly believe that they should be allowed, as diversity in backgrounds enriches the administrative framework and fosters innovation in governance.
Doctors and engineers possess a unique set of skills that can be invaluable to public administration. Doctors, for instance, have firsthand knowledge of public health challenges. If they join the civil services, they can create better healthcare policies, ensuring that resources reach those who need them the most. Similarly, engineers bring technical expertise, which is critical for infrastructure development and implementing technology-driven solutions. Their analytical skills and problem-solving abilities can contribute to effective decision-making.
Some argue that professionals might be wasting their education by switching to civil services. However, this perspective is flawed. The skills acquired in their professions are not wasted; rather, they are applied in a broader context to benefit society. For example, a doctor in the Indian Administrative Service can address healthcare issues at a systemic level rather than just treating patients individually. Similarly, an engineer can oversee and improve large-scale infrastructure projects with technical precision.
Critics also claim that allowing professionals in the Civil Services Examination reduces opportunities for candidates from traditional backgrounds like humanities or commerce. However, this argument does not hold merit in a competitive environment. Civil services should be about selecting the best candidates, regardless of their background. Excluding professionals would not only limit the talent pool but also compromise the quality of governance.
In a country as diverse and complex as India, administrators need to tackle problems across multiple sectors—health, education, technology, and infrastructure. Allowing professionals to appear for the Civil Services Examination ensures that the bureaucracy reflects a wide range of expertise and experiences. This diversity makes governance more inclusive and responsive to the needs of the people.
Professionals like doctors and engineers should not be barred from appearing for the Civil Services Examination. Their unique perspectives and skills can significantly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of public administration. Governance is about serving the people, and any step that improves this service should be encouraged. Excluding professionals would be a step backward in building a capable and dynamic administrative system.
(iv) Youth is a blunder, manhood a struggle, and old age a regret. Present your reflections on this statement.
Youth Is a Blunder, Manhood a Struggle, and Old Age a Regret
The statement, “Youth is a blunder, manhood a struggle, and old age a regret,” offers a thought-provoking perspective on the stages of life. While it might appear pessimistic, it holds some truth when viewed through the lens of human experience and the choices we make.
Youth is often called the springtime of life, yet it is marked by inexperience and impulsiveness. During this phase, we are brimming with energy but lack the wisdom to channel it effectively. Mistakes are frequent as we explore life without understanding its complexities. Poor decisions, misplaced priorities, and unwise risks are common in youth, leading to what can be seen as “blunders.” However, these errors also serve as valuable lessons, shaping our character and preparing us for the challenges ahead.
Manhood, or adulthood, is indeed a struggle. It is the phase where the responsibilities of life weigh heavily. From building a career to supporting a family and making important decisions, this stage demands hard work and perseverance. The struggles often revolve around finding balance—between ambition and contentment, personal aspirations and social expectations. It is a time of constant effort, where one’s dreams collide with reality, and every decision seems to have far-reaching consequences. Yet, this struggle also builds resilience and provides a sense of purpose.
Old age, the final phase, can sometimes feel like a period of regret. Looking back, one may lament the opportunities missed, the relationships neglected, or the time wasted. Physical decline and the loss of loved ones can add to the feeling of helplessness. However, regret need not define old age. It can also be a time of reflection, where one cherishes memories, takes pride in accomplishments, and finds joy in passing on wisdom to the younger generation. The regret, if any, should motivate us to make the most of the present while we can.
Though the statement captures the challenges of life’s stages, it overlooks the beauty and growth each phase offers. Youth teaches us the joy of dreaming; manhood gives us the satisfaction of striving; old age provides the wisdom of perspective. Life, in its entirety, is a mix of mistakes, efforts, and reflections. It is up to us to learn from our blunders, find meaning in our struggles, and replace regret with gratitude.
In the end, the journey of life is not about avoiding blunders, struggles, or regrets but about embracing each phase with courage and making the most of every moment we are given.
(v) Compassion.
Compassion
Compassion is the thread that binds humanity together. It is the ability to feel another’s pain and a genuine desire to help alleviate it. In a world filled with challenges and hardships, compassion is the light that guides us toward understanding and kindness.
I first truly understood the meaning of compassion when I witnessed an incident in my neighbourhood. An elderly woman, who lived alone, slipped on the road and injured her leg. Many people walked by, glancing at her but doing nothing to help. One young man, a complete stranger, stopped his scooter and rushed to her side. He helped her sit, gave her water, and called for an ambulance. While waiting, he talked to her, comforting her with kind words. That simple act of humanity stayed with me.
Compassion is not always about grand gestures; often, it is about small acts of kindness. It could be as simple as sharing food with someone who is hungry, helping a classmate with studies, or even listening to a friend who is feeling low. These small moments create ripples of positivity, reminding others that they are not alone.
In today’s fast-paced world, compassion seems to be fading. People are often too busy with their own lives to notice the struggles of others. Social media and technology have connected us in many ways but have also made us less empathetic. Compassion calls for us to pause, to look beyond ourselves, and to genuinely care for someone else.
Practising compassion not only helps others but also transforms us. It teaches us humility, patience, and gratitude. When we help others, we gain a sense of purpose and fulfillment. Compassion makes us stronger as individuals and as a society, creating a world where kindness is valued above all else.
Compassion does not require wealth, power, or status. It only requires a heart that can feel and a willingness to act. Whether it is helping an injured animal, supporting a struggling neighbour, or simply smiling at a stranger, every act of compassion adds to the collective goodness of humanity.
In the end, compassion is what makes us truly human. It reminds us that despite our differences, we share the same joys and sorrows. If each of us chose to be a little more compassionate every day, the world would undoubtedly be a better, kinder place for everyone.
(vi) Write an original short story beginning with the following words: I had accepted whatever the guard of the lodge told me…
The Guard’s Secret
I had accepted whatever the guard of the lodge told me and made my way inside. His words seemed simple, almost dismissive, but something in his tone made me pause for a moment. The lodge, named Shanti Kutir, was tucked at the edge of Kothrud, a small but growing area in Pune. It was an old building, worn at the corners, and carried the faint smell of damp earth.
The guard, Ramesh, had warned me that I might not find what I was looking for. His weathered face, framed by a greying moustache, showed no emotion. “You can go,” he said, “but there’s nothing there anymore.”
I had come here searching for records of my grandfather, who had once worked as a caretaker at Shanti Kutir. My grandmother often mentioned how he had planted a guava tree here, under which they had shared many quiet afternoons. My curiosity about his life had led me to this place.
The lodge felt abandoned, though Ramesh said a few rooms were still used by occasional visitors. Dust covered most surfaces, and faint cobwebs hung from the ceiling. The guava tree stood in the middle of the courtyard, just as my grandmother had described it. Its branches stretched out, though most of its leaves had dried up.
I stood under the tree, trying to imagine the conversations and laughter that it had witnessed decades ago. As I was about to leave, something caught my eye. There, carved faintly on the trunk, were initials: “A.R. + S.D.” These were my grandparents’ names. My heart skipped a beat.
Ramesh, who had been watching me from a distance, shuffled closer. “That tree meant a lot to him,” he said, his voice softer than before. “Your grandfather told me he planted it the day he got married.”
It was a small piece of history, but it felt like a treasure. I stood there for a long time, imagining the life my grandparents had lived here. Though the lodge was falling apart, the tree stood as a witness to their story.
When I left Shanti Kutir that afternoon, I knew I had found something more valuable than I had expected—a connection to a time I had never lived, but felt close to through their memories.
Question 2
(i) You have read Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar. Write a book review in 300 words to be printed in your Book Club’s journal. The review should guide readers to look out for the aspects of the book mentioned in your review. You may include the following items:
Type of book—the target readership—content—cohesiveness of the content—informative-ness and authenticity of the content—language skills—total impression. (You may also include other relevant details.)
Book Review: Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare
Julius Caesar is one of William Shakespeare’s most powerful and thought-provoking tragedies. The play, set in ancient Rome, explores themes of power, betrayal, ambition, and morality, making it a timeless piece that resonates even today. It is an essential read for high school students, history enthusiasts, and lovers of classic literature.
The play revolves around the conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar, Rome’s dictator, and the events that unfold afterward. Shakespeare masterfully portrays the complexities of political ambition and the consequences of decisions driven by fear and loyalty. The characters, particularly Brutus, Cassius, and Mark Antony, are richly layered, offering readers a deep insight into human nature.
Shakespeare’s language is undoubtedly one of the play’s highlights. While the Early Modern English may seem challenging at first, readers will quickly appreciate the poetic brilliance and rhetorical mastery, particularly in Mark Antony’s famous funeral speech: “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.” The dialogues are both eloquent and impactful, capturing the political and emotional turmoil of the characters.
The play’s cohesiveness is commendable. Despite its historical setting, it maintains a dramatic flow that keeps readers engaged. Shakespeare’s depiction of the Roman political landscape is both authentic and informative, reflecting his deep understanding of human behavior and governance.
One of the most compelling aspects of Julius Caesar is its moral ambiguity. Readers are left questioning who the true hero or villain is—a quality that makes it perfect for discussion and debate. It challenges readers to think critically about power dynamics and ethical leadership.
Julius Caesar is a masterpiece that combines historical drama with profound philosophical questions. Its timeless appeal and literary brilliance make it a must-read for anyone seeking to explore the depths of human ambition and morality.
(ii) As the students’ head of the RWA of your colony, you have been given the responsibility of setting up a library in your colony. Write a proposal in about 150 words, to the President of the RWA, stating the steps you would take to successfully establish this library.
[The proposal should include: (i) An introduction; (ii) Objectives; (iii) List of measures to be taken. A concluding statement is desirable.]
Proposal for Setting Up a Library in the Colony
Dear President,
As the Students’ Head of the RWA, I propose establishing a community library to promote reading and learning among residents. Here are the steps to achieve this:
- Space Allocation: Identify a suitable room or area within the community center for the library, ensuring it is accessible to all residents.
- Funding and Donations: Organise a fundraising campaign and encourage residents to donate books, magazines, and newspapers. Approach local businesses for sponsorships.
- Furniture and Equipment: Procure shelves, tables, chairs, and basic lighting. Arrange for a computer to maintain a digital catalog of books.
- Membership and Volunteers: Create a membership system and invite residents to volunteer for library management.
- Regular Activities: Organise book reading sessions, storytelling events, and workshops to engage residents of all age groups.
This initiative will foster a culture of learning and community bonding in our colony.
Yours sincerely,
Aditi Sharma
Students’ Head, RWA
Question 3
Answer sections (i), (ii) and (iii).
(i) In each of the following items, sentence I is complete, while sentence II is not. Complete sentence II, making it as similar as possible to sentence I. Write sentence II in each case.
1. The doctor said to him, “Drink at least three litres of water every day.”
Answer: The doctor advised him to drink at least three litres of water every day.
Explanation: When we change direct speech to indirect speech, we modify the sentence so that it fits naturally into the conversation. Here, “said to” becomes “advised” because the original statement is giving advice. We also remove quotation marks and make the verb in the imperative form (“Drink”) into the infinitive (“to drink”). For example: “He said to me, ‘Be careful.'” becomes “He told me to be careful.”
2. He is so tall that he cannot enter through this door.
Answer: He is too tall to enter through this door.
Explanation: “So…that” can be rewritten as “too…to” to make the sentence shorter and more concise. “So tall that he cannot” is simplified to “too tall to.” For example, “She is so tired that she cannot work” becomes “She is too tired to work.”
3. His attitude towards his school has always puzzled me.
Answer: I have always been puzzled by his attitude towards his school.
Explanation: The active voice is changed into the passive voice here. The subject (“His attitude”) becomes the object of the new sentence, and the object (“me”) becomes the subject (“I”). The verb also changes: “has puzzled” becomes “have been puzzled by.” For example, “The book inspired him” becomes “He was inspired by the book.”
4. He loved his little daughter, but was in mortal fear of her temper.
Answer: Although he loved his little daughter, he was in mortal fear of her temper.
Explanation: “But” can be replaced with “Although” to connect two ideas while showing contrast. The sentence structure changes slightly, with “he loved” being repeated for clarity. For example, “She was angry, but she stayed calm” becomes “Although she was angry, she stayed calm.”
5. When she heard the news of her daughter’s result, she was very happy.
Answer: On hearing the news of her daughter’s result, she was very happy.
Explanation: “When she heard” can be rewritten as “On hearing” to make the sentence more concise. The word “On” is followed by a verb ending in “-ing.” For example, “When I saw the accident, I called the police” becomes “On seeing the accident, I called the police.”
(ii) Fill in each blank with a suitable word.
(a) The teacher has no influence __________ his pupils.
Answer: over
Explanation: “Influence over” is the correct preposition pairing, as “over” indicates control or impact on someone or something. For example: “She has great influence over her friends.”
(b) Have you any influence __________ the Principal?
Answer: with
Explanation: “Influence with” is used when referring to having sway or persuasion with a person in authority. For example: “He has influence with the manager.”
(c) We are known __________ our behaviour.
Answer: for
Explanation: “Known for” is the correct preposition to indicate what someone or something is recognized or famous for. For example: “The city is known for its historical monuments.”
(d) This city is known __________ its sweets.
Answer: for
Explanation: Again, “known for” is used to indicate something that is a characteristic or defining feature. For example: “Paris is known for its art and culture.”
(e) I am not liable __________ the debts incurred by my brother.
Answer: for
Explanation: “Liable for” is used when someone is legally responsible for something. For example: “He is liable for the damages caused.”
(f) He is liable __________ suspension from service.
Answer: to
Explanation: “Liable to” is used when referring to the possibility or likelihood of something happening. For example: “She is liable to fines for late payment.”
(g) I called __________ his office yesterday.
Answer: at
Explanation: “Call at” is used to indicate visiting a place. For example: “She called at the post office on her way home.”
(h) This job calls __________ good communication skills.
Answer: for
Explanation: “Call for” means to require or demand something. For example: “This situation calls for immediate action.”
(i) Arun did differ __________ me, for he thought otherwise.
Answer: with
Explanation: “Differ with” is used to express disagreement with someone’s opinion. For example: “I differ with him on this matter.”
(j) My plans are quite different __________ yours.
Answer: from
Explanation: “Different from” is the correct preposition to indicate dissimilarity between two things. For example: “Her ideas are different from mine.”
(iii) Fill in the blanks in the passage given below with the appropriate form of the verb given in brackets. Do not write the passage, but write the verbs in the correct order.
People keep different kinds of pets like dogs, cats and parrots. My friend, Jennifer, however, had a most unusual pet—a snake called, Cecil. Cecil was a small black snake, less than one metre in length. Some people were a little afraid of Cecil because his fangs ___(1) (look) threatening. However, he was a harmless creature that ___(2) (do) not bite. He was an extremely friendly creature and would even allow strangers ___(3) (touch) and pet him. If you put your hand out, Cecil would even slither up your arm and coil around your hand. Cecil’s skin ___(4) (feel) cool, dry and not at all slimy.
Cecil’s home was a large green tank. To make him feel more comfortable, the tank was ___(5) (lay) with his favourite branches and leaves. Surprisingly, Cecil ___(6) (need) very little nourishment and he ___(7) (eat) only once a month.
Unfortunately for Cecil, his life was cut short unexpectedly. One hot afternoon, Cecil ___(8) (take) a nap in the sun. When Jennifer found him later in the evening, she ___(9) (discover) that he ___(10) (die) from heatstroke!.
Answer:
- looked
- did
- to touch
- felt
- laid
- needed
- ate
- was taking
- discovered
- had died
Question 4
9. Read the passage given below and answer the questions (i), (ii) and (iii) that follow:
(1) One day Miss Elsie Leeson came looking for a room, and Mrs. Parker, the owner of the boarding house, gave the usual contempt since Miss Leeson was not a wealthy doctor or a dentist. This meant she could only afford the bottom of the barrel and ended thus with the skylight room.
(2) Every day Miss Leeson went out to work. At night she brought home papers with handwriting on them and made copies with her typewriter. Sometimes she had no work at night, and then she would sit on the steps of the high stoop with the other boarders. She was gay-hearted and full of tender, whimsical fancies. There was rejoicing among the gentlemen boarders whenever Miss Leeson had time to sit on the steps for an hour or two.
(3) As Mrs. Parker’s boarders sat thus one summer’s evening, Miss Leeson looked up into the firmament and cried with her little gay laugh: “Why, there’s Billy Jackson! I can see him from down here, too.” “It’s that star,” explained Miss Leeson, pointing with a tiny finger. “Not the big one that twinkles-the steady blue one near it. I can see it every night through my skylight. I named it BillyJackson.”
4) There came a time after that when Miss Leeson brought no formidable papers home to copy. And when she went out in the morning, instead of working, she went from office to office and let her heart melt away in the drip of cold refusals transmitted through insolent office boys. This went on.
(5) Then came an evening when she wearily climbed Mrs. Parker’s stoop at the hour when she always returned from her dinner at the restaurant. But she had had no dinner.
(6) As she stepped into the hall Mr. Hoover met her and seized his chance. He asked her to marry him. Miss Leeson declined the offer and step by step she went up, dragging herself by the railing.
(7) Exhausted she fell upon the bed. And in that skylight room, she slowly raised her heavy eyelids, and smiled. For Billy Jackson was shining down on her, calm and bright and constant through the skylight.
(8) Clara, the maid, found the door locked at 10 the next day, and they forced it open. All the efforts proved of no avail and someone ran to call for an ambulance.
(9) In due time it backed up to the door and a young medico, danced up the steps.
(10) “Ambulance call to 49,” he said briefly. “What’s the trouble?”
(11) “It’s a young woman, Miss Elsie Leeson. Never before in my house—” said Mrs Parker. (12) The ambulance doctor, raced up the stairs when told which room she was in, knowing the situation that awaited him. He came down carrying Miss Leeson with the look of the dead on his face. He told the driver to rush them to the hospital.
(13) In the next morning’s paper there was a little news item which recounted the reception into the hospital of a young woman, who had been removed from No. 49 East street, suffering from debility induced by starvation. It concluded with these words: “Dr. William Billy Jackson, the ambulance physician who attended the case, says the patient will recover.”
(i) (a) Given below are three words and phrases. Find the words which have a similar meaning in the passage:
(1) looked down
Answer: contempt
(2) unusual; mischievous…..
Answer: whimsical
(3) the sky.
Answer: firmament
(b) For each of the words given below, choose the correct sentence that uses the same word unchanged in spelling, but with a different meaning from that which it carries in the passage:
(1) room (line 1)
(A) The spacious room was filled with sunlight, creating a warm atmosphere.
(B) In the cozy room, a fireplace added to the comfort on chilly nights.
(C) The vast cosmos is an infinite room of celestial wonders and mysteries.
(D) She decorated the room with vibrant colours and unique artwork.
Answer: (A) The spacious room was filled with sunlight, creating a warm atmosphere.
(2) stoop (line 7)
(A) On the stoop of the old house, there was a weathered rocking chair.
(B) I never thought he would stoop to cheating his own brother.
(C) The garden stoop became his favourite spot for contemplation.
(D) The stoop of the grand mansion featured elegant marble steps.
Answer: (B) I never thought he would stoop to cheating his own brother.
(3) cold (line 18)
(A) His mother told him to stand outside in the cold.
(B) The winter wind brought a biting cold, causing everyone to bundle up.
(C) After spending hours in the snow, they returned home with cold fingers.
(D) She shot me a cold glance before turning her back.
Answer: (D) She shot me a cold glance before turning her back.
(ii) Answer the following questions in your own words as briefly as possible:
(a) Who was Mrs. Parker? Which characteristic trait of Mrs. Parker is given in the first three lines of the passage?
Answer: Mrs. Parker was the owner of the boarding house. She is portrayed as judgmental and disdainful, especially towards people of modest means.
(b) State what kind of woman was Miss Leeson. How did she behave with the other boarders?
Answer: Miss Leeson was a cheerful and whimsical woman who worked as a typist. She behaved kindly and amiably with the other boarders, often entertaining them with her pleasant company.
(c) Explain briefly Miss Leeson’s condition after she lost her job.
Answer: After losing her job, Miss Leeson became destitute and struggled to find work. She suffered from extreme exhaustion and starvation, leading to her eventual collapse in her room.
(iii) Describe the role of Billy Jackson, the star in the story as mentioned in paragraphs 3 to 13 You are required to write the summary in the form of a connected passage in about 100 words. Failure to keep within the word limit will be penalised.
Answer: Billy Jackson, the star, served as a symbol of hope and constancy for Miss Leeson in her difficult times. Despite her struggles, she found comfort and solace in looking at the star through her skylight. It provided her with a moment of peace and distraction from her grim reality. In the end, the ambulance doctor who rescued her, also named Dr. Billy Jackson, brought her to the hospital, where it was reported that she would recover. Thus, the star and the doctor both symbolized stability and life in her dire circumstances.
Ron’e Dutta is a journalist, teacher, aspiring novelist, and blogger who manages Online Free Notes. An avid reader of Victorian literature, his favourite book is Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë. He dreams of travelling the world. You can connect with him on social media. He does personal writing on ronism.
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