Get textual answers, explanations, solutions, notes, extras, MCQs, PDF of Chapter 8: ISE Class 12 English Language/Grammar (Total English) solved which comprises Comparison of Adjectives, Directed Writing – II, Prepositions, and Specimen Paper-8. However, the educational materials should only be used for reference, and students are encouraged to make necessary changes.
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Comparison of Adjectives
ASSIGNMENT
Change the degree of comparison without changing the meaning:
1. (A) Iron is more useful than all other metals.
(B) No other _____________________.
Answer: No other metal is as useful as iron.
Explanation: When we change a comparative sentence to a positive degree sentence, we use the structure “No other” + subject + “is as” + adjective + “as” + comparison subject. Here, “iron” remains the subject, and we compare it to all other metals without altering the meaning.
2. (A) This is the tallest tower in the whole world.
(B) This tower ______________________.
Answer: This tower is taller than any other tower in the world.
Explanation: For superlative degree sentences, we use “tallest” to indicate the highest among all. When converting to comparative degree, we use “taller than” + “any other” + object to express the same meaning.
3. (A) The blue car is faster than the red car.
(B) The red car ______________________.
Answer: The red car is not as fast as the blue car.
Explanation: In the positive degree, we use “not as” + adjective + “as” to show that one thing is less in quality or quantity compared to another. Here, “not as fast” indicates the red car is slower.
4. (A) He is the most popular cricket player.
(B) No other ______________________.
Answer: No other cricket player is as popular as he is.
Explanation: Superlative sentences are converted to positive degree sentences using “No other” + subject + “is as” + adjective + “as” + comparison subject. Here, “popular” remains the key word.
5. (A) The highway is wider than the link road.
(B) The link road ______________________.
Answer: The link road is not as wide as the highway.
Explanation: For comparative sentences, we can switch to the positive degree using “not as” + adjective + “as” to show that the second object is smaller, shorter, or narrower.
6. (A) A dog is easier to train than a cat.
(B) A cat ______________________.
Answer: A cat is not as easy to train as a dog.
Explanation: To compare objects in the positive degree, we use “not as” + adjective + “as”. Here, “easy” changes to “not as easy,” showing the cat is harder to train.
7. (A) Never have I met a child as shy as this.
(B) This ______________________.
Answer: This is the shyest child I have ever met.
Explanation: When converting positive to superlative, we highlight the extremity using “the” + superlative adjective (shyest). This makes the statement more emphatic.
8. (A) English grammar is easier than Sanskrit grammar.
(B) Sanskrit grammar ______________________.
Answer: Sanskrit grammar is not as easy as English grammar.
Explanation: Inverting the comparative degree into positive degree involves saying the opposite, using “not as” + adjective + “as.” This makes the comparison between English and Sanskrit grammar clear.
9. (A) I am more tired than you today.
(B) You ______________________.
Answer: You are not as tired as I am today.
Explanation: The comparative “more tired” converts to “not as tired,” maintaining the meaning but shifting the comparison structure.
10. (A) Yours is the most efficient tool of all.
(B) No other ______________________.
Answer: No other tool is as efficient as yours.
Explanation: For superlative sentences, use “No other” + subject + “is as” + adjective + “as” + comparison subject. Here, “efficient” is used in positive degree.
15. (A) Supermarkets are cheaper than small grocers.
(B) Small grocers ______________________.
Answer: Small grocers are not as cheap as supermarkets.
Explanation: To change from comparative to positive degree, we use “not as” + adjective + “as,” which keeps the meaning intact while changing the structure.
Directed Writing – II
ASSIGNMENT 1
1. You are a freelance reporter. Write a newspaper report on one of the following:
(i) A bank robbery
Bank Robbery in Mumbai: ₹50 Lakh Looted
Staff Reporter
Mumbai, December 13: A daring robbery at the State Cooperative Bank in Dadar left the city shaken on Tuesday afternoon. Armed robbers entered the bank around 2:00 pm and looted ₹50 lakh in cash before fleeing the scene.
Eyewitnesses said that four masked men, carrying guns, stormed into the bank. They held staff and customers hostage for nearly 15 minutes. The robbers forced the manager to open the vault and took the cash. They also destroyed CCTV cameras before escaping on motorcycles.
Police arrived at the scene shortly after the alarm was raised. Deputy Commissioner Ramesh Iyer stated that special teams have been formed to track down the culprits. “We are analysing footage from nearby cameras and gathering witness statements,” he said.
No injuries were reported, but the staff and customers were left shaken by the incident. Authorities suspect that the gang might have planned the heist for weeks. Investigations are underway to trace the robbers and recover the stolen cash.
(ii) A train accident.
Train Derailment Near Bhubaneswar: Ten Injured
Staff Reporter
Bhubaneswar, December 13: A train derailment near the outskirts of Bhubaneswar left ten people injured on Wednesday morning. The incident occurred when the Puri-Howrah Express derailed near Jatani station at around 8:30 am. Three coaches overturned, creating panic among passengers.
Eyewitnesses reported that the train shook violently before the derailment. Passengers in the affected coaches were thrown off their seats. Local residents rushed to the spot and began rescue operations before officials arrived.
The injured were immediately taken to the Capital Hospital in Bhubaneswar. Doctors stated that most injuries were minor, though two passengers sustained fractures. Railways officials have ordered a high-level inquiry into the accident, citing a possible track defect as the cause.
Train services along the route were disrupted for several hours, causing inconvenience to commuters. By afternoon, the authorities managed to restore partial movement. Railway Minister Suresh Patel assured compensation for the injured and pledged to improve safety measures.
Passengers praised the locals and emergency teams for their swift assistance, which helped minimise casualties.
3. You are the monitor of your class. Write a report based on a travel brochure, to plan for an excursion to Goa during the summer vacation.
Planning an Excursion to Goa
As the class monitor, I am pleased to share a travel plan for an exciting excursion to Goa during the summer vacation. Based on a detailed travel brochure, the trip promises a blend of learning and fun for everyone. It is scheduled for May 10 to May 15, ensuring we have enough time to explore Goa’s beauty.
The brochure highlights several attractions. We will visit the famous beaches of Calangute and Baga, where we can enjoy water sports and relax by the sea. Historical sites such as the Basilica of Bom Jesus and Fort Aguada are also part of the itinerary, offering a glimpse into Goa’s rich cultural heritage. Additionally, a trip to Dudhsagar Falls and a spice plantation tour are included for those who love nature.
The plan suggests staying at a budget-friendly hotel in Panaji, which offers comfortable accommodation and meals. Transportation will be arranged via a private bus to ensure a smooth journey. The total cost per student is ₹6,000, covering travel, accommodation, meals, and entry tickets to various sites.
To make this trip enjoyable for all, students are encouraged to pack light but include essentials like sunscreen, hats, and comfortable footwear. Teachers will accompany us to ensure safety and supervision throughout.
This excursion promises to be a wonderful experience, combining education and recreation. I urge everyone to participate and make unforgettable memories. Interested students should confirm their participation by April 20.
ASSIGNMENT 2
1. A cultural fest was held in your colony on the occasion of Diwali. Write a report of the programme for a local newspaper.
Diwali Cultural Fest in Shanti Vihar Colony
Shanti Vihar Colony came alive with colours and joy as residents celebrated a grand cultural fest on November 11, marking the occasion of Diwali. The event, organised by the colony’s welfare association, brought together people of all ages for a memorable evening.
The programme began at 6 PM with a vibrant Rangoli competition, showcasing the artistic talents of residents. This was followed by a cultural performance featuring traditional dances like Garba and Kathak, performed by children and youth from the colony. A musical medley of devotional songs added to the festive spirit.
The highlight of the evening was a play depicting the story of Lord Rama’s return to Ayodhya, performed by local theatre enthusiasts. The well-executed performance received a standing ovation. Stalls offering Diwali sweets, handicrafts, and diyas were set up, creating a lively market-like atmosphere.
The event concluded with a spectacular fireworks display that lit up the night sky, leaving everyone in awe. The organisers ensured a safe and clean celebration by promoting eco-friendly fireworks and proper waste disposal.
Residents praised the initiative, saying it fostered unity and joy in the community. The Diwali Cultural Fest was not just a celebration of tradition but also a reminder of the warmth and togetherness that festivals bring.
2. You are the Editor of your school magazine. Write a report for the magazine, describing the Inter-School Cultural Programme, organised by your school.
Inter-School Cultural Programme at Sunrise Public School
The much-anticipated Inter-School Cultural Programme was held at Sunrise Public School on December 5. The event saw enthusiastic participation from ten schools across the city, making it a grand celebration of talent, creativity, and teamwork.
The programme began with a traditional lamp-lighting ceremony, followed by a welcome speech from our Principal, Dr. Rekha Sharma. The competitions included a variety of events such as group dances, classical singing, skits, and a creative art competition. Each performance was unique, reflecting the diverse cultures and talents of the participants.
The highlight of the programme was the quiz competition, which tested students’ knowledge on Indian heritage and arts. The audience cheered for their teams, making the event lively and engaging. The panel of judges, comprising renowned artists and educators, appreciated the dedication and enthusiasm of the students.
The winning trophy for the overall best performance went to Greenfield Academy, while our school proudly secured the first position in group dance. Every participant was awarded certificates, and the winners received medals and trophies during the prize distribution ceremony.
The event concluded with a vote of thanks from the cultural coordinator, acknowledging the efforts of teachers, volunteers, and participants. The Inter-School Cultural Programme was a memorable day, celebrating talent and fostering a spirit of camaraderie among schools. It left everyone inspired and proud to be a part of such an enriching event.
Prepositions
ASSIGNMENT 1
Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box.
| down, off, up, to, on |
1. Try to keep the child’s attention …… the sweets.
Answer: on
Explanation: “On” is used when we want to indicate focus or attachment to something. In this sentence, “attention on the sweets” means directing and maintaining the child’s focus towards the sweets. It acts as a preposition showing the object (sweets) where the focus lies. Example: He kept his eyes on the road to avoid accidents.
2. Always keep …… the left.
Answer: to
Explanation: “To” is a preposition used to indicate position or adherence to a side. In this case, “keep to the left” suggests staying aligned or adhering to the left side while moving. It conveys the idea of direction or position as a rule or instruction. Example: Drivers in the UK are required to keep to the left.
3. I could not keep …… the pretence any longer.
Answer: up
Explanation: “Up” in “keep up” means to maintain or continue an action or behaviour. In this context, “keeping up the pretence” implies continuing the act of pretending. The sentence suggests the speaker is unable to maintain the false act any longer. Example: She tried to keep up her smile, even though she was upset.
4. He could not keep …… his anger.
Answer: down
Explanation: “Down” in “keep down” means to suppress or control. Here, “keeping down anger” means the inability to control or restrain one’s anger. The preposition “down” conveys the idea of pushing or holding something back to a manageable level. Example: The teacher asked the noisy students to keep their voices down.
5. My children keep …… asking me to go for a walk.
Answer: on
Explanation: “On” in “keep on” refers to continuation or persistence in doing an action repeatedly. This means the children are continuously or repeatedly asking to go for a walk. It expresses a sense of insistence or ongoing behaviour. Example: He kept on calling her until she finally answered.
ASSIGNMENT 2
1. Put …… the lamp.
Answer: on
Explanation: “On” in “put on” is used to indicate switching something to an active state. Here, “put on the lamp” means to turn the lamp on, making it functional or providing light. This preposition refers to activating or starting. Example: She put on the fan to cool the room.
2. I cannot put …… with such an insult.
Answer: up
Explanation: “Put up with” is a phrasal verb meaning to tolerate or endure something unpleasant or offensive. In this case, the speaker is saying they cannot endure or accept the insult. The preposition “up” works with “put” to create this fixed expression. Example: She had to put up with the loud construction noises all day.
3. On the way home from work, I ran …… of petrol.
Answer: out
Explanation: “Out” in “ran out of” means to deplete or exhaust a supply. Here, “ran out of petrol” suggests that the speaker’s vehicle no longer has fuel. The preposition “out” signifies a complete absence. Example: We ran out of sugar while baking cookies.
4. He was run …… after his heart operation.
Answer: down
Explanation: “Down” in “run down” describes a state of exhaustion, weakness, or poor health. Here, “run down” indicates that the person felt weak and fatigued following the operation. The preposition “down” conveys reduced energy or vitality. Example: After working long hours, she felt completely run down.
5. I have set …… a board meeting for tomorrow.
Answer: up
Explanation: “Up” in “set up” refers to arranging, organizing, or planning something. In this sentence, “set up a board meeting” means to schedule or establish a meeting. The preposition “up” implies preparation. Example: They set up a new company to handle the project.
6. We set …… for the picnic before sunrise.
Answer: out
Explanation: “Out” in “set out” means to start or embark on a journey or activity. Here, “set out for the picnic” means to begin the trip early in the morning. The preposition “out” denotes departure or commencement. Example: The hikers set out early to avoid the heat.
7. We set for the picnic before sunrise …… my request.
Answer: at
Explanation: “At” is used here to indicate the reason or cause. “At my request” means the action of setting out for the picnic was done because the speaker requested it. This preposition is often used to show causation or motive. Example: He laughed at my suggestion.
8. Kindly turn …… the radio.
Answer: off
Explanation: “Off” in “turn off” means to stop or deactivate something. In this context, “turn off the radio” means to stop the radio from playing or functioning. The preposition “off” indicates deactivation. Example: Please turn off the lights when you leave the room.
9. Science has brought …… many changes in our way of living.
Answer: about
Explanation: “About” in “brought about” means to cause or bring into existence. This sentence means that science has introduced or caused significant changes in lifestyle. The preposition “about” conveys the idea of causation or result. Example: The new policies brought about major reforms in education.
10. Shalu’s grandparents brought her ……
Answer: up
Explanation: “Up” in “brought up” means to raise or nurture a child. This sentence means that Shalu’s grandparents took care of her and raised her from childhood. The preposition “up” signifies care and development. Example: They brought up their children to be independent.
11. Sam has a lot of work to catch …… on.
Answer: up
Explanation: “Up” in “catch up on” means to complete or make up for something delayed or missed. Here, “catch up on work” means to complete the tasks Sam has fallen behind on. The preposition “up” conveys the idea of regaining lost time or effort. Example: I need to catch up on my reading.
12. They tried to catch the candidate …… with a difficult question.
Answer: out
Explanation: “Out” in “catch out” means to expose or trick someone, often to reveal their mistake. Here, “catch out with a difficult question” implies trying to challenge or test the candidate by surprising them. Example: The reporter caught the politician out by asking an unexpected question.
13. His company is having difficulty breaking …… new markets.
Answer: into
Explanation: “Into” in “breaking into” means to enter or gain access to something, especially with difficulty or effort. This sentence suggests the company is struggling to enter new markets. Example: They are breaking into the competitive tech industry.
14. The United States once had broken …… diplomatic relations with Cuba.
Answer: off
Explanation: “Off” in “broken off” means to terminate or discontinue. In this sentence, “broken off diplomatic relations” means the US ended formal ties with Cuba. The preposition “off” suggests a complete separation. Example: The talks were broken off after the disagreement.
15. He will carry …… the family business.
Answer: on
Explanation: “On” in “carry on” means to continue or sustain an activity. This sentence implies that he will continue running the family business. The preposition “on” conveys continuation. Example: Despite the challenges, she carried on with her work.
16. He carried …… his plan with the help of his friend.
Answer: out
Explanation: “Out” in “carried out” means to execute or implement a plan or task. This sentence suggests that he successfully completed his plan. Example: The workers carried out the repairs as instructed.
17. How did the accident come ……?
Answer: about
Explanation: “About” in “come about” means to happen or occur. This question asks how the accident happened or took place. The preposition “about” refers to the cause or occurrence of an event. Example: How did this idea come about?
18. My aunt suddenly came …… my room.
Answer: into
Explanation: “Into” indicates movement towards the inside of a place. Here, “came into my room” means the aunt entered the room. The preposition “into” shows the act of entering. Example: He came into the house and greeted everyone.
19. I’m trying to phone the Principal, but I can’t get …… to her.
Answer: through
Explanation: “Through” in “get through” means to successfully connect or communicate with someone. In this case, the speaker is unable to contact the Principal via phone. Example: I finally got through to customer service after waiting for an hour.
20. The police ran after the thief, but the latter got ……
Answer: away
Explanation: “Away” in “got away” means to escape or avoid capture. This sentence suggests that the thief successfully evaded the police. The preposition “away” implies freedom from a situation. Example: The dog got away before we could catch it.
Specimen Paper-8
Question 1
Write a composition (in approximately 400-450 words) on any one of the following subjects.
(i) What are the major social problems associated with poverty? Describe how poor people are treated in your country.
The Social Problems Associated with Poverty and Its Impact on Society
Poverty is one of the most pressing social issues affecting millions of people in India. It is a condition where individuals lack access to basic necessities such as food, shelter, clothing, education, and healthcare. Poverty not only limits an individual’s opportunities but also contributes to several major social problems, creating a vicious cycle that is difficult to break.
One of the most significant social problems associated with poverty is lack of education. Many children from impoverished families are forced to drop out of school to work and support their families. This lack of education hinders their ability to find well-paying jobs in the future, perpetuating the cycle of poverty. Illiteracy also limits their awareness of their rights, keeping them vulnerable to exploitation.
Unemployment is another critical issue. Due to limited skills and education, poor people often find themselves in low-paying and unstable jobs. This economic instability makes it hard for them to save money or improve their living conditions. In urban areas, slums have become a stark symbol of poverty, where families live in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions, leading to the spread of diseases.
Healthcare is another area where poverty plays a devastating role. Many poor people cannot afford basic medical treatments, leading to high mortality rates and chronic illnesses that remain untreated. Malnutrition is widespread among children, affecting their physical and cognitive development.
The social treatment of poor people in India often reflects deep-seated inequalities. They are frequently subjected to discrimination and neglect. In rural areas, poverty-stricken families are often marginalised and excluded from social functions. In urban areas, they are stereotyped as unproductive or lazy, even though they work tirelessly in menial jobs to make ends meet.
Homelessness is a visible problem in cities. Poor people are often forced to live on the streets or in makeshift shelters. This exposes them to harsh weather, lack of security, and the risk of being exploited or mistreated. Additionally, many children from impoverished families are pushed into child labour or begging, depriving them of a normal childhood.
Efforts to address these issues must focus on education, job creation, and healthcare accessibility. Government schemes like free education for underprivileged children, subsidised housing, and healthcare initiatives are a step in the right direction. However, societal attitudes towards poor people need to change. Empathy and understanding can go a long way in ensuring they are treated with dignity and respect.
Poverty is not just an economic issue; it is a social challenge that affects the very fabric of society. Tackling poverty requires collective efforts from individuals, communities, and the government to build an inclusive and equitable society. Only then can the poor live with the dignity and opportunities they deserve.
(ii) Your classmates and you visited a nearby slum to distribute old books and to perform a street play promoting literacy. Narrate the experience.
An Eye-Opening Experience in a Nearby Slum
Last Sunday, my classmates and I embarked on a visit to a nearby slum to distribute old books and perform a street play to promote literacy. This initiative was part of our school’s social outreach programme, and it was an experience that left a lasting impact on all of us.
We arrived at the slum around 10 in the morning, carrying bags filled with books and posters. The area was bustling with activity—children playing on narrow lanes, women washing clothes at communal taps, and men engaged in small jobs to earn a living. Despite the evident struggles, the people welcomed us with smiles and curiosity.
Our first task was to distribute the books we had collected. As we called the children together, their faces lit up with excitement. Many of them had never owned a book before. Some clutched their new treasures tightly, flipping through pages as though discovering a whole new world. Watching their enthusiasm reminded us of the importance of our mission.
Next, we set up for the street play. Using a small, open space as our stage, we gathered the children and adults who were eager to see the performance. Our play focused on the importance of literacy and how education could transform lives. It featured relatable characters, showing a young girl who couldn’t read and struggled with daily tasks but later succeeded after attending school.
The audience was engaged throughout the performance. They laughed at the lighter moments, nodded in agreement with the messages, and clapped enthusiastically at the end. After the play, we spoke to the crowd, encouraging them to send their children to school and emphasising the role of education in breaking the cycle of poverty.
While interacting with the residents, we realised the challenges they faced. Many parents wanted their children to study but couldn’t afford it, while others were unaware of government schemes offering free education. We shared information about these initiatives and promised to help them connect with local NGOs that could assist.
As we prepared to leave, a small girl came up to me and said, “Didi, will you come back to teach us?” Her innocent request touched my heart. It made me realise that while we had made a small effort, much more needed to be done to address the larger issue.
The visit to the slum was a humbling and enlightening experience. It taught us the value of education and the responsibility we have as privileged individuals to make a difference. We left with a renewed determination to contribute more meaningfully to our society.
(iii) ‘Modern technology has made our lives comfortable, but at the same time it has made it more complicated’. Express your views either FOR or AGAINST the given statement.
Modern Technology: A Boon or a Burden?
Modern technology has undeniably transformed our lives, making them more comfortable in many ways. However, it has also introduced complexities that cannot be ignored. While the conveniences of technology are remarkable, I firmly believe that the complications it has brought often outweigh its benefits.
One cannot deny the comfort modern technology offers. Smartphones, for instance, have put the world at our fingertips. We can communicate instantly, access information, and complete tasks efficiently. Home appliances like washing machines, dishwashers, and microwaves save time and reduce physical effort. Medical technology has improved healthcare, saving countless lives through advanced diagnostic tools and treatments.
However, this comfort comes with a cost. Technology has made our lives more complicated by creating an over-reliance on gadgets and systems. The constant notifications from smartphones and social media distract us, reducing our productivity and focus. People are so engrossed in virtual connections that real-life relationships suffer. Many spend more time on their phones than with their family and friends.
Moreover, the pressure to keep up with rapidly changing technology can be overwhelming. Every few months, new models of devices are released, pushing people to upgrade frequently. This not only strains finances but also creates unnecessary e-waste, harming the environment.
Technology has also made our lives more stressful in the workplace. While automation and digital tools have simplified certain tasks, they have increased expectations for constant availability and quicker results. Employees are often required to stay connected even after work hours, blurring the boundaries between personal and professional life.
Another significant concern is cybersecurity. The reliance on digital platforms for banking, shopping, and storing personal information exposes us to risks of hacking and identity theft. Even children are not spared, as excessive screen time and exposure to inappropriate online content can negatively affect their mental and emotional health.
Additionally, the human touch is being replaced by machines in many sectors. Automated systems at customer service desks or AI-powered devices lack empathy and personal understanding, leading to frustration. The charm of human interaction is slowly fading in the age of technology.
In conclusion, while modern technology has undeniably brought comfort and convenience, it has also made our lives more complicated. It is essential to strike a balance and use technology wisely. By setting limits on its use and focusing on real-life connections, we can ensure that technology remains a tool to enhance our lives rather than control them.
(iv) Time is money. Present your reflections on this statement.
Time is Money
The saying “Time is money” conveys a powerful message about the value of time in our lives. Time is one of the most precious resources we have, and like money, it must be used wisely. However, unlike money, time cannot be earned back once it is lost, making it even more important to value and manage it effectively.
In today’s fast-paced world, this phrase holds even greater relevance. Just as money is spent on things we deem important, time is spent on activities we prioritise. For example, investing time in education and skill development often results in better career opportunities, just as investing money can lead to future financial returns. On the other hand, wasting time on unproductive activities is akin to throwing money away—it leads to missed opportunities and unfulfilled potential.
The connection between time and money is evident in daily life. Professionals are paid for the time and expertise they dedicate to their work. Delays in completing tasks often lead to financial losses or penalties, whether it’s a business project or a train running behind schedule. For students, the time they invest in studying determines their success in exams and future endeavours.
Despite this, many people fail to recognise the importance of time management. Procrastination, distractions, and poor planning often lead to wasted hours. This not only reduces productivity but also creates unnecessary stress. Just as money must be budgeted, time must be allocated wisely to balance work, rest, and recreation.
Time also has an emotional value that money cannot buy. Spending quality time with family and friends strengthens relationships, which is invaluable. Moments of happiness, laughter, and bonding are priceless and cannot be replaced, no matter how much money one has.
However, the pursuit of money should not overshadow the importance of time. People often prioritise earning more and more, forgetting to enjoy the present. A person may work tirelessly to accumulate wealth but miss out on precious moments with loved ones, only to regret it later.
In conclusion, time is indeed money, but it is also much more. It is life’s most finite resource, and its value goes beyond financial calculations. By treating time as an asset, we can make the most of every moment and lead a fulfilling life. As the saying goes, “Take care of the minutes, and the hours will take care of themselves.”
(v) Democracy.
Democracy: The Voice of the People
Democracy is a form of government where power lies with the people. It is built on the principles of equality, freedom, and justice, giving citizens the right to participate in decision-making through elections. India, the largest democracy in the world, exemplifies this system, where every citizen over the age of 18 has the right to vote and choose their representatives.
The beauty of democracy lies in its inclusiveness. It allows people from all walks of life, regardless of caste, creed, religion, or economic status, to have an equal say in shaping the future of their country. This equality is one of the strongest pillars of a democratic system. In India, for example, elections are a grand festival of democracy, enabling millions to express their choice peacefully.
Freedom of speech is another cornerstone of democracy. It ensures that citizens can voice their opinions, criticise the government, and demand accountability. A vibrant press, active civil society, and an independent judiciary further strengthen democratic institutions. These elements work together to ensure that no one is above the law and that the government remains answerable to the people.
However, democracy also comes with challenges. In countries like India, issues such as corruption, caste-based politics, and the misuse of power can hinder democratic functioning. Sometimes, illiteracy and lack of awareness among voters can lead to uninformed decisions, affecting the quality of governance. Yet, the strength of democracy lies in its ability to self-correct. Through peaceful protests, judicial intervention, and free elections, people can bring about change.
The success of democracy depends on an informed and responsible citizenry. Voting is not just a right but a duty that ensures the smooth functioning of democracy. Citizens must also stay aware of their rights and hold their leaders accountable for promises made during elections.
In conclusion, democracy is more than just a system of governance—it is a way of life that empowers individuals and fosters collective progress. It upholds the values of liberty, equality, and justice, making it the most inclusive and participatory form of government. While challenges exist, democracy’s adaptability and reliance on the people’s will make it a powerful tool for building a just and equitable society. For democracy to thrive, every citizen must actively participate and cherish the freedoms it guarantees.
(vi) Write an original short story on the title: Identical Twins.
Identical Twins
Aarav and Arjun were identical twins, so alike that even their mother sometimes paused to differentiate them. They had the same sharp features, curly hair, and mischievous smiles. However, while they looked alike, their personalities were poles apart. Aarav was calm and studious, always buried in his books, while Arjun was outgoing and loved sports and adventure.
Growing up in a small town, their resemblance often caused confusion. Teachers scolded Aarav for Arjun’s pranks, and Arjun would sometimes be praised for Aarav’s excellent test scores. The twins laughed off these incidents, using their likeness to play harmless tricks on others. However, beneath their cheerful bond, a quiet rivalry brewed.
One summer, their school announced a talent show. Aarav planned to showcase his knowledge with a quiz segment, while Arjun wanted to perform a daring acrobatics routine. Their parents, supportive as always, encouraged both to give their best.
The evening of the talent show arrived. Aarav went on stage first. He answered every question confidently, earning loud applause. Arjun, watching from backstage, felt a twinge of pride but also a shadow of doubt about his own performance. When it was his turn, Arjun began his routine with energy, flipping and leaping with precision. But midway through, he slipped and fell. The audience gasped, and Arjun froze, his confidence shattered.
Seeing his brother’s distress, Aarav sprang into action. Without hesitation, he rushed to the stage, helped Arjun to his feet, and whispered, “Let’s do this together.” Although Aarav was no acrobat, he mimicked Arjun’s moves as best as he could. The sight of the identical twins attempting flips and stunts together brought laughter and cheers from the audience. By the end of their impromptu performance, the crowd erupted into applause.
Backstage, Arjun looked at Aarav, his eyes brimming with gratitude. “You didn’t have to do that,” he said. Aarav shrugged with a grin. “You’d do the same for me, wouldn’t you?”
From that day, their rivalry melted into mutual respect. They realised that while their differences made them unique, their bond as brothers made them stronger. Aarav and Arjun began to support each other’s passions—Aarav occasionally joined Arjun for football practice, and Arjun helped Aarav prepare for debates.
The talent show may have ended, but the story of the identical twins who stole the spotlight that night became a legend in their small town. More importantly, it strengthened a bond that would last a lifetime.
Question 2
(i) Your school (Model High School) team played the final Cricket Match against (St. John’s High School) in the Inter-School Cricket Tournament. Write your account as a spectator (in approximately 300 words) under the title VICTORY FOR MODEL HIGH SCHOOL, for your school almanac, based on the following points:
Date, time, place — two strong teams — critical importance of the match being the final of the tournament — stadium overcrowded — huge support for both the teams — toss won by Model school captain Kevin, decided to field first — scoreboard ticking rapidly for the other team, no fall of wickets — a century partnership between the opening pair — sudden twist — fall of 3 wickets in quick succession — total score 215 — your team off to a flying start as well — wickets fell at regular intervals but the two batters kept the scoreboard ticking — convincing victory in the 44th over itself — accolades and prizes. (You may also include other relevant details.)
Answer:
Victory for Model High School
On November 22, Jawahar Stadium hosted the final match of the Inter-School Cricket Tournament between Model High School and St. John’s High School. The excitement in the air was palpable, with an overcrowded stadium buzzing with enthusiastic supporters from both schools. The stakes were high as the tournament’s most anticipated match unfolded.
Model High School captain Kevin Verma won the toss and opted to field. St. John’s openers came out strong, delivering a flawless century partnership. The scoreboard kept ticking rapidly with no fall of wickets initially. However, just as it seemed St. John’s would dominate, the tide turned dramatically. Three wickets fell in quick succession, halting their momentum. Despite the setback, St. John’s posted a challenging total of 215 runs.
Model High School’s innings began with a bang, with the openers providing a quick start. However, wickets started to fall at regular intervals. The pressure was mounting, but middle-order batsmen Arjun Mehta and Sahil Kapoor anchored the chase, keeping the scoreboard ticking with steady partnerships. Boundaries flowed, and the crowd erupted in applause with every run scored. The final moments were nerve-wracking, but in the 44th over, Model High School sealed the victory, achieving the target convincingly.
As the match concluded, celebrations erupted. Kevin Verma lifted the winner’s trophy to thunderous applause. Arjun Mehta was declared Best Batsman, while Kevin earned accolades as the Best Captain. The team’s hard work and determination were rewarded with numerous prizes, and the victory cemented Model High School’s reputation as a cricket powerhouse.
The final match was a testament to teamwork and resilience, leaving a lasting impression on all who witnessed it. This remarkable victory will remain a cherished memory in the school’s cricketing history.
(ii) As the Head Boy/Head Girl of your school, you have been given the responsibility of organising sale of items prepared during the ‘Trash to Treasure Campaign’ to reduce the carbon footprint. Write a proposal in about 150 words, stating the measures required to successfully organise this sale.
[The proposal should include: (i) An introduction; (ii) Objectives; (iii) List of measures to be taken. A concluding statement is desirable.]
Answer:
Proposal for Organising the ‘Trash to Treasure’ Sale
As the Head Boy of Model High School, I propose organising a sale of items created during the ‘Trash to Treasure Campaign’ to promote sustainability and reduce the carbon footprint. This initiative aims to encourage recycling and responsible consumption within our community.
Objectives:
- To raise awareness about the importance of recycling.
- To showcase students’ creativity in repurposing waste materials.
- To generate funds for future eco-friendly initiatives.
Measures to be Taken:
- Set up a committee to oversee the event and assign roles.
- Identify suitable dates and secure a venue within the school premises.
- Promote the sale through posters, social media, and announcements.
- Organise and categorise items for display with clear pricing.
- Arrange counters for sales and ensure proper billing.
- Collaborate with teachers and volunteers for smooth coordination.
This event will inspire others to adopt sustainable practices and contribute to environmental preservation.
Question 3
(i) In each of the following items, sentence I is complete, while sentence II is not. Complete sentence II, making it as similar as possible to sentence I. Write sentence II in each case.
(a) (I) The film I had seen earlier was better than this one.
(II) This film is not as good as the one I had seen earlier.
(b) (I) Rita is a teacher and writer.
(II) Not only is Rita a teacher, but she is also a writer.
(c) (I) The school team lost the cricket match although the captain scored a century.
(II) Despite the fact that the captain scored a century, the school team lost the cricket match.
(d) (I) Sunny said, “Bharat, can you help me with my homework?”
(II) Bharat was asked by Sunny if he could help him with his homework.
(e) (I) He knew the culprit, but refused to admit it.
(II) Although he knew the culprit, he refused to admit it.
(ii) Fill in each blank with a suitable word.
(a) I am trying to phone the Principal, but I cannot get …… to her.
Answer: through
Explanation: “Get through” means the phone call is not working to talk to her, like when you try to call and it doesn’t connect.
(b) The police ran after the thief, but the latter got …..
Answer: away
Explanation: “Got away” means the thief ran so fast that the police couldn’t catch him, like when you play tag and someone escapes.
(c) He jumped ………… . the first offer of a job.
Answer: at
Explanation: “Jumped at” means he said yes to the job very quickly, like when someone says, “Do you want candy?” and you say, “Yes!” right away.
(d) Never jump ……. hasty conclusions.
Answer: to
Explanation: “Jump to conclusions” means you shouldn’t decide too fast, like thinking someone broke your toy without checking if they really did.
(e) Turn ……….. he dosa; it is done on that side.
Answer: over
Explanation: “Turn over” means to flip it, like flipping a pancake so it cooks on the other side.
(f) Turn……the motor, the tank is empty.
Answer: off
Explanation: “Turn off” means to stop the motor, like when you press a button to turn off your TV.
(g) He takes…….pride being an actor.
Answer: in
Explanation: “Take pride in” means he feels happy about being an actor, like feeling proud when you draw a nice picture.
(h) He prides himself…….being an actor.
Answer: on
Explanation: “Pride himself on” means he feels proud and happy about being an actor, like when you feel proud of your good work in school.
(i) I was asked to read …………… my answer before the whole class.
Answer: out
Explanation: “Read out” means to read something aloud so everyone can hear, like when your teacher asks you to read your story to your classmates.
(j) My sister read……….my story and marked corrections in the margin.
Answer: through
Explanation: “Read through” means to look carefully at the story, like when you check your homework before giving it to your teacher.
(iii) Fill in the blanks in the passage given below with the appropriate form of the verb given in brackets. Do not write the passage, but write the verbs in the correct order.
Shakespeare uses the metaphor of a ‘star’ ___(1) (describe) love as the ‘star to every wandering bark’. The term bark ___(2) (refer) to a small ship and the star is the Pole Star. The speaker wants ___(3) (convey) that as a ‘wandering bark’ or a small ship that ___(4) (lose) its way ___(5) (look) to the Pole Star ___(6) (find) its direction, True love ___(7) (serve) as a standard for others, ___(8) (maintain) its course under stress, and ___(9) (guarantee) protection against storms and helps ___(10) (find) its direction.
Answer:
- describes
- refers
- to convey
- loses
- looks
- finds
- serves
- maintains
- guarantees
- find
Question 4
Read the passage given below and answer the questions (i), (ii) and (iii) that follow:
(1) Two newly married people were walking up and down the platform of a little country station. The moon peeped up from the drifting clouds and frowned, as it seemed, envying their happiness. The still air was heavy with the fragrance of lilac and wild cherry. Somewhere in the distance a cuckoo was calling.
(2) All of a sudden, Sasha remembered about the meals. He said,”What have yougot for our supper tonight?”
(3) Varya replied, “Chicken and salad… It is a chicken just big enough for two… Then there is the salmon and sardines that were sent from town.”
(4) “The train is coming!” said Varya, “how jolly!” Three eyes of fire could be seen in the distance. The stationmaster came out on the platform. Signal lights flashed here and there on the line. “Let us see the train in and go home,” said Sasha, yawning. The dark monster crept noiselessly alongside the platform and came to a standstill. They caught glimpses of sleepy faces, of hats and shoulders at the dimly lighted windows
(5) “Look! look!” they heard from one of the carriages. “Varya and Sasha have come to meet us! There they are! Varya! Varya… Look!” Two little girls skipped out of the train and hung on Varya’s neck. They were followed by a stout, middle- aged lady, and a tall, lanky gentleman with grey whiskers. Behind them came two schoolboys, laden with bags, and after the schoolboys, the governess, after the governess the grandmother.
(6) Varya replied, “Here we are, here we are, dear boy!” Began the whiskered gentleman, squeezing Sasha’s hand, “Sick of waiting for us, I expect! You have been pitching into your old uncle for not coming down all this time, I dare say! Kolya, Kostya, Nina, Fifa… children! Kiss your cousin Sasha! We are all here, the whole troop of us, just for three or four days … I hope we shall not be too many for you? You must not let us put you out!”
(7) At the sight of their uncle and his family, the young couple were horror-stricken. While his uncle talked and kissed them, Sasha had a vision of their little cottage: he and Varya giving up their three little rooms, all the pillows and bedding to their guests; the salmon, the sardines, the chicken all devoured in a single instant; the cousins plucking the flowers in their little garden, spilling the ink, filled the cottage with noise and confusion; his aunt talking continually about her ailments and her papa’s having been Baron von Fintich…
(8) And Sasha looked almost with hatred at his young wife, and whispered: “It’s you they have come to see! Damn them!” “No, it is you,” answered Varya, pale with anger. “They are your relations! they are not mine!” And turning to her visitors, she said with a smile of welcome: “Welcome to the cottage!” The moon came out again. She seemed to smile, as though she were glad she had no relations. Sasha, turning his head away to hide his angry despairing face, struggled to give a note of cordial welcome to his voice as he said: “It is jolly of you! Welcome to the cottage!”
(i) (a) Given below are three words and phrases. Find the words which have a similar meaning in the passage:
(1) moving around slowly
Answer: creeping
(2) shone brightly for a short time
Answer: flashed
(3) halt
Answer: standstill
(b) For each of the words given below, choose the correct sentence that uses the same word unchanged in spelling, but with a different meaning from that which it carries in the passage:
(1) fire (line 9)
(A) The strong winds blew out the fire at the campsite.
(B) The customer forced the manager to fire the steward as the latter was rude.
(C) The child looked nervous but he had a fire in his eyes.
(D) He foolishly used damp wood to stoke the fire so it went out.
Answer: (C) The child looked nervous but he had a fire in his eyes.
(2) line (line 11)
(A) The train thundered along the darkened line, bound for the next station.
(B) This novel is the latest of a long line of thrillers that he has written.
(C) Signal lights lit up along the railway line, guiding the train.
(D) Sasha’s gaze followed the disappearing line of the tracks as the train moved along.
Answer: (B) This novel is the latest of a long line of thrillers that he has written.
(3) meet (line 16)
(A) How can we meet the needs of children belonging to different age groups?
(B) We plan to meet at the cafe for a cup of coffee.
(C) Despite busy schedule, they managed to meet regularly.
(D) The best friends finally arranged to meet after a long time.
Answer: (A) How can we meet the needs of children belonging to different age groups?
(ii) Answer the following questions in your own words as briefly as possible:
(a) How has the arrival of the train been described?
Answer: The train’s arrival was marked by three lights in the distance, the stationmaster coming out, flashing signal lights, and the train moving noiselessly alongside the platform before halting.
(b) State the enthusiasm of the guests arriving at the station.
Answer: The guests were excited, calling out names, rushing to greet Varya and Sasha, and expressing joy at meeting them while the children and adults energetically gathered around.
(c) Why were the hosts horror-stricken?
Answer: The hosts were horrified at the thought of their small cottage being overrun with noisy guests, the food being consumed quickly, and their space becoming chaotic.
(iii) Summarise how the young couple would be inconvenienced because of the visit of their relatives as described in paragraphs 7 and 8.
Answer: The young couple’s cottage would be overwhelmed by guests, forcing them to give up their rooms, bedding, and privacy. Their food would be consumed rapidly, their garden would be disturbed, and the house would be filled with noise and confusion. The aunt would monopolize conversations with complaints, and the children would create messes, leaving the couple angry and resentful of the intrusion into their quiet lives.
Ron’e Dutta is a journalist, teacher, aspiring novelist, and blogger who manages Online Free Notes. An avid reader of Victorian literature, his favourite book is Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë. He dreams of travelling the world. You can connect with him on social media. He does personal writing on ronism.
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