Julius Caesar Act 1 Scene 1: ICSE Class 9 workbook answers

Get notes, workbook solutions, summary, questions and answers, and pdf of the drama/play Julius Caesar (Act 1 Scene 1) by William Shakespeare which is part of ICSE Class 9 English. However, the notes should only be treated for references and changes should be made according to the needs of the students.

Summary

The scene opens with Julius Caesar’s triumphant return to Rome after defeating Pompey and his sons. The citizens of Rome are out on the streets in large numbers, celebrating Caesar’s victory. Trophies won by Caesar are displayed on the statues around Rome. However, two tribunes, Flavius and Marullus, are not pleased with the public’s celebration. They rebuke the crowd for their fickleness, reminding them that they had recently considered Pompey to be a god. Feeling guilty for their ingratitude, the crowd disperses. Flavius and Marullus then decide to remove all the trophies won by Caesar from the statues, even though it is the feast of Lupercal, a Roman festival.

The scene sets the stage for the unfolding drama by introducing the audience to the political and social atmosphere in Rome. It highlights the fickleness of the mob and how easily they shift their loyalty from Pompey to Caesar. The tribunes, although not central characters, introduce us to the atmosphere of strife and disunity in Rome. The scene also hints at the growing opposition to Caesar’s dictatorship.

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Multiple Choice Questions I

1. Flavius calls the commoners 

a. idle creatures b. foolish artisans c. good for nothing fellows d. carpenters 

Answer: a. idle creatures

2. The second citizen is a 

a. carpenter b. cobbler c. chef d. soldier 

Answer: b. cobbler

3. Marullus addresses the citizens to be 

a. blocks b. stones c. worse than senseless things d. all of the above 

Answer: d. all of the above

4. In order to intermit the plague the commoners are instructed to 

a. run to their houses b. fall upon your knees c. weep their tears into the river d. All of the above.

Answer: d. All of the above

5. Caesar is compared to a 

a. lion b. falcon c. raven d. dove 

Answer: b. falcon

Context Questions I

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow: 

Question 1 

Wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home?
What tributaries follow him to Rome,
To grace in captive bonds his chariot-wheels? 

1. Who speaks these lines? To whom are these words addressed? 

Answer: Marullus, one of the tribunes of Rome, speaks these lines. They are addressed to the common citizens who have gathered on the streets of Rome.

2. Who is ‘he’ referred to in the first line of the extract? What does the speaker want to convey to the listeners? 

Answer: ‘He’ refers to Julius Caesar. Marullus wants to convey his anger and disapproval at the commoners for mindlessly celebrating Caesar’s victory over Pompey. He wants to remind them of their prior fickleness.

3. What is the conquest referred to in the extract? Why has the conqueror not brought any territories to Rome by his conquest? 

Answer: The conquest being referred to is Caesar’s recent defeat of his rival Pompey and his forces at the battle of Pharsalus. Caesar has not brought any new territories or subjects to Rome because his war against Pompey was a civil war for supremacy, not one aimed at expanding the Roman Republic.

4. How does the speaker show his anger towards the listeners after the extract? 

Answer: After the extract, Marullus bitterly berates the commoners, calling them “blocks, stones, worse than senseless things” for their foolishness in celebrating Caesar, having forgotten their former loyalties. He works them into a state of shame and guilt.

5. Give the meanings of: 

a. What territories follow him to Rome 

Answer: Which new lands/provinces does Caesar bring back to Rome after his conquest.

b. To grace in captive bonds is chariot wheels

Answer: o decorate his chariot wheels with chained captive prisoners.

Question 2 

MARULLUS – What trade, thou knave? thou naughty knave, what trade?
Second Commoner:
Nay, I beseech you, sir, be not out with me: yet,
if you be out, sir, I can mend you. 

1. Who is Marullus? Why is he angry with the citizens? 

Answer: Marullus is one of the tribunes of Rome, elected officials meant to protect the rights of the common people. He is angry with the citizens because they have taken a holiday and are celebrating Julius Caesar’s recent victory over Pompey the Great, their former “hero”.

2. Why are the citizens out on the streets? 

Answer: The common citizens have taken the day off work and are out in the streets of Rome celebrating Caesar’s triumph over the forces of Pompey and his sons.

3. What has the second citizen said just before this extract to annoy Marullus? What is his profession? 

Answer: Just prior to the extract, the second citizen has cleverly avoided answering Marullus’s questions about his trade by making puns about cobbling and mending shoes. This has further incensed Marullus. The second citizen is a cobbler by profession.

4. a. Give the meanings of: 

i. If you be out 

Answer: If you are angry/provoked.

ii. I can mend you 

Answer: I can repair/patch up things with you (pun on his profession as a cobbler)

b. How does the second citizen reveal his identity later? 

Answer: The second citizen reveals he is a cobbler by making puns on cobbling/mending shoes when answering Marullus.

Question 3 

MARULLUS – And when you saw his chariot but appear,
Have you not made an universal shout,
That Tiber trembled underneath her banks,
To hear the replication of your sounds
Made in her concave shores? 

1. Who is Marullus referring to? Where did the people gather to see his chariot? 

Answer: Marullus is referring to Pompey. The common people had gathered by the banks of the river Tiber to see Caesar’s triumphal chariot pass by in a procession.

2. What do ‘replication’ and ‘concave shore’ mean? Explain the last two lines of the extract. 

Answer: ‘Replication’ means echo or reverberation; ‘concave shores’ refers poetically to the curved banks of the Tiber river. Marullus says that when Pompey’s chariot appeared, the people’s ecstatic shouts were so loud and frenzied that the sound echoed and reverberated along the hollow, concave river banks.

3. What does Marullus tell them to do to repent for their mistake? 

Answer: Marullus instructs the people to go home, fall on their knees, and ritually wash their tears of regret into the Tiber river to repent for their mistake of celebrating Caesar’s victory over Pompey.

4. How does Marullus make them feel guilty? 

Answer: Marullus makes the fickle people feel guilty by graphically reminding them of the extreme loyalty and love they earlier showed for Pompey, contrasting it with their present excitement over Caesar’s triumph against him.

5. What effect do Marullus’ words have on the people? 

Answer: Marullus’ harsh words fill the commoners with shame and remorse over their disloyalty. They promptly leave without another word, crestfallen and heartsick.

Question 4 

MARULLUS – May we do so?
You know it is the feast of Lupercal.
FLAVIUS – It is no matter; let no images
Be hung with Caesar’s trophies. 

1. What instruction has Flavius given to Marullus before this extract? 

Answer: Before the extract, Flavius had instructed Marullus to remove the ceremonial decorations and victory trophies hung on statues around Rome in Caesar’s honour.

2. Why is Marullus hesitant to carry out the orders of Flavius? What is the significance of that day? 

Answer: Marullus hesitates to follow the order because it is the feast day of Lupercalia, a Roman festival holiday, so it may be considered inappropriate to remove the celebratory trophies and decorations on a festive occasion.

3. What does Flavius volunteer to do after the extract? 

Answer: After the extract, the more decisive Flavius volunteers to drive away the common citizen crowds from the streets while Marullus strips the trophies from the statues.

4. What is meant by ‘trophies’? Why does Flavius say that no images should be hung with Caesar’s trophies? 

Answer: ‘Trophies’ refers to the symbols of victory and triumph, like ceremonial wreaths and garlands, hung on statues to honour conquering generals. Flavius wants to remove them as he views Caesar’s growing power as dangerous and does not want to feed his ambitions.

5. How is Flavius more assertive than Marullus? Why do you think so?

Answer: Flavius demonstrates more initiative and assertiveness than Marullus in taking action against the public honours being given to Caesar. Marullus is more cautious and concerned about propriety on a feast day.

Morning Star Workbook Solutions

Multiple Choice Questions II

1. What is the rule that Marullus refers to?

(a) Workers ought to wear signs of their trade
(b) A carpenters foot rule
(c) Citizens should bow before officials
(d) All of the above

Answers: (b) A carpenters foot rule

2. What sarcastic reason does the cobbler give Flavius for leading citizens on the
Street?

(a) To get himself more work
(b) To rejoice in Caesar’s Triumph
(c) To celebrate the feast
(d) Both (b) and (c)

Answers: (a) To get himself more work 

3. What does the cobbler say to show that he is a master craftsman?

(a) He is a surgeon of old shoes
(b) He mends soles
(c) Every shoe-wearing gentleman has worn his handiwork
(d) He needed more work

Answers: (c) Every shoe-wearing gentleman has worn his handiwork

4. Why, according to Marullus, would there be a plague?

(a) Due to the crowding in the sheets
(b) Due to the ingratitude of citizens
(c) Due to the hollow banks of the Tiber
(d) Due to the flowers strewn on the way.

Answers: (b) Due to the ingratitude of citizens

5. Why did Flavius consider it necessary to remove all the decorations with
Caesar’s statues?

(a) To turn the people against him
(b) To replace them with new decorations
(c) To quell Caesar’s ego and popularity
(d) None of the above

Answers: (c) To quell Caesar’s ego and popularity

6. According to Marullus for whom had the citizens of Rome waited patiently earlier?

(a) Caesar
(b) Brutus
(c) Pompey
(d) Antony

Answers: (c) Pompey

7. What did Marullus ask the commoners of Rome to do?

(a) To pray for Caesar’s well-being
(b) To run away to their houses
(c) To pray to God to avert their punishment
(d) Both (b) and (c) 

Answers: (d) Both (b) and (c)

8. Why did Flavius ask the commoners to shed tears of remorse?

(a) For the dishonor shown to Pompey
(b) For the rise of a dictator
(c) For the loss of their liberty
(d) For making Caesar too powerful

Answers: (a) For the dishonor shown to Pompey

9. Which quality of the common man is reflected in this scene?

(a) Admiration for Caesar
(b) Ficklenes
(c) Hatred for Caesar
(d) Fear of Caesar

Answers: (b) Fickleness

10. Which type of atmosphere in Rome is seen in Act I, Scene 1 of the play?

(a) Peace and happiness
(b) Confusion and chaos
(c) Strife and disunity
(d) None of the above

Answers: (b) Confusion and chaos.

11. What is the central theme of the play reflected in this scene?

(a) Conflict between monarchists and republicans
(b) Conflict between anarchy and democracy
(c) Conflict between dictatorship and democracy
(d) None of the above.

Answers: (c) Conflict between dictatorship and democracy.

12. The opening scene of the play reflects on which of the following causes that let to the development of the play?

(a) Caesar’s triumph over Pompey’s sons
(b) Caesar’s suspicions
(c) Mounting hostilities to Caesar’s rule
(d) Fear of Caesar

Answers: (a) Caesar’s triumph over Pompey’s sons

Context Questions II

1. Flavius
Hence! home, you idle creatures, get you home.
Is this a holiday? What, know you not.
Being mechanical, you ought not walk
Upon a labouring day without the sign
Of your profession? Speak, what trade art thou?

First Citizen
Why, sir, a carpenter.

Marullus
Where is thy leather apron and thy rule?
What dost thou with thy best apparel on?
You, sir, what trade are you?

(i) Who are Flavius and Marullus? Where are they and what are they doing there? Why?

Answer: Flavius and Marullus are tribunes, officials elected to protect the rights of the common people in Rome. They are in the streets of Rome, addressing the commoners who are taking a holiday to celebrate Julius Caesar’s triumph. Flavius and Marullus are trying to shame the people into returning to work by reminding them of their previous loyalty to Pompey, whom Caesar defeated. They are there to prevent the celebration and to diminish Caesar’s growing influence.

(ii) Who are the “idle creatures”? Why are they called so? What makes the speaker ask if it is a holiday?

Answer: The “idle creatures” referred to by Flavius are the commoners or working-class citizens of Rome who have taken to the streets to celebrate Julius Caesar’s triumph. They are called “idle” because, instead of being at work, they are out in the streets on what appears to be a regular working day. The speaker, Flavius, asks if it is a holiday because he is incredulous that these laborers would be away from their jobs without a significant reason, such as a holiday. He implies that they should not be roaming the streets without the signs of their trades (like the carpenter’s apron or the cobbler’s tools) on a regular working day.

(iii) Give the meaning of the following:

(a) Being Mechanical –

Answer:  This refers to the commoners, particularly those who work with their hands, like tradesmen or artisans. In the context of the play, “being mechanical” means belonging to the working class or those engaged in manual labour.

(b) A Labouring Day –

Answer: This phrase refers to a regular working day, as opposed to a holiday or day of rest. The tribunes are questioning why the commoners, who are expected to work on such days, are out in the streets instead.

(c) Sign of Your Profession –

Answer:  This refers to the tools or attire that would identify someone’s trade or profession. In this context, the tribunes expect the workers (like the carpenter and cobbler) to be carrying or wearing the tools or garments associated with their respective trades while out on a working day. 

(iv) Whom does Marullus address in the last line of the extract? What reply does he get? How does he react to the reply?

Answer: In the last line of the extract, Marullus addresses the commoners, specifically rebuking them for celebrating Caesar’s triumph. He asks them, “Wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home?” Marullus receives no direct reply from the commoners, but his harsh words silence them, and they leave, guilt-stricken and tongue-tied. Marullus reacts with anger and contempt, scolding them for their ingratitude towards Pompey, whom they once adored, and urging them to pray to the gods for forgiveness.

(v) Giving an example each, show how Flavius and Marullus are men in authority. Who among them, do you think, exercises greater authority? Why?

Answer: Both Flavius and Marullus display their authority as tribunes in different ways. Flavius exerts his authority by commanding the commoners to go home and disband the crowd, showing his control over public order. Marullus displays his authority by reprimanding the commoners for their fickle loyalty, using his position to question and challenge their actions.

Between the two, Flavius appears to exercise greater authority. This is evident in his decisive plan to disrobe Caesar’s images and remove any decorations celebrating Caesar’s triumph, despite the festival of Lupercal. His willingness to take such bold actions indicates a stronger resolve and a more proactive approach to curbing Caesar’s growing influence.

2. Second Citizen
A trade, sir, that I hope I may use with a safe conscience; which is, indeed, sir, a mender of bad soles.
Marullus
What trade, thou knave? thou naughty knave, what trade?
Second Citizen
Nay, I beseech you, sir, be not out with me: yet, if you be out, sir, I can mend you.

(i) What is meant by a “trade”? Of which trade is the second citizen? What is the pun involved with the word “soles”?

Answer: In this context, “trade” refers to a person’s occupation or craft. The Second Citizen is a cobbler, someone who repairs shoes. The pun on the word “soles” plays on its dual meaning: “soles” as the bottom part of shoes, which the cobbler repairs, and “souls,” implying a deeper, possibly spiritual, repair or improvement.

(ii) Why does the Second Citizen think that he “may use” the trade with a safe conscience?

Answer: The Second Citizen believes he may use his trade with a safe conscience because he sees his work as harmless and even beneficial—mending shoes helps people by prolonging the life of their footwear, which is a good and honest profession.

(iii) What is meant by “naughty knave” ? What does this expression tell us about the attitude of the Romans towards artisans? Give two more examples of such expressions from the scene.

Answer: The phrase “naughty knave” is an insult, implying that the cobbler is a mischievous or dishonest person. This expression reveals the disdainful attitude of the Roman elite towards artisans, considering them lower-class and morally dubious. Two more examples from the scene include Marullus calling the cobbler a “saucy fellow” and Flavius referring to the commoners as “idle creatures.” These expressions reflect the dismissive and superior attitude the tribunes have towards the working-class citizens.

(iv) Give the double meaning intended in the following expression:
……..Be not out with me: yet, if you be out, sir, I can mend you.

Answer: The expression “Be not out with me: yet, if you be out, sir, I can mend you” spoken by the Cobbler contains a double meaning.

• Literal Meaning: The Cobbler is referring to his trade. If someone’s shoe is “out” or worn out, he can mend or repair it.
• Figurative Meaning: The phrase “be out with me” can also mean being angry or upset with someone. The Cobbler playfully suggests that if Marullus is upset with him, he can “mend” or resolve the issue, much like he mends shoes.

(v) Give two characteristic traits, each with an example, of the common people in this scene.

Answer: Wit and Humor:

• Example: The Cobbler uses puns and double entendres to subtly mock the tribunes, showing that he is clever and enjoys wordplay. For instance, when he says he is a “mender of bad soles,” he plays on the word “soles” to imply both the soles of shoes and the souls of men.

Fickleness or Lack of Loyalty:

• Example: Marullus chastises the commoners for their quick shift in allegiance from Pompey to Caesar. He reminds them how they once celebrated Pompey’s victories, yet now they rejoice for Caesar, who has defeated Pompey’s sons. This shows their tendency to be easily swayed and unfaithful to past loyalties.

3. Wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home?
What tributaries follow him to Rome,
To grace in captive bonds his chariot wheels?
You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things!
O you hard hearts, you cruel men of Rome,
Knew you not Pompey?

(i) Who speaks these lines? To whom are these words addressed? What type of rejoicing is referred to in the extract?

Answer: These lines are spoken by Marullus.

They are addressed to the commoners of Rome who are celebrating in the streets.

The rejoicing refers to the celebration of Julius Caesar’s triumph over Pompey’s sons.

(ii) Who is “he” referred to in the first line of the extract? What message does the speaker want to convey to his listeners through these questions?

Answer: The “he” in the first line refers to Julius Caesar.

Marullus wants to remind the commoners of their previous loyalty to Pompey and make them realize their ingratitude for now celebrating Caesar, who defeated Pompey’s sons. He questions the justification for their celebration, suggesting that they are fickle and ungrateful.

(iii) What is the conquest refered to in the extract? Why has the conqueror not brought any territory to Rome by his conquest?

Answer: The conquest referred to is Julius Caesar’s defeat of Pompey’s sons.

The conqueror, Caesar, has not brought new territory because his victory was over fellow Romans, not foreign enemies, so there is no new land or tribute to bring to Rome.

(iv) Give the meaning of :

What tributaries follow him to Rome,

Answer: This means what leaders or peoples from conquered territories are accompanying Caesar to Rome as prisoners?

To grace in captive bonds his chariot wheels?

Answer: This means to enhance his triumph by being displayed as captives chained to his chariot.

(v) Who are referred to as “the cruel men of Rome”? Why are they called so ?

Answer: The “cruel men of Rome” refers to the commoners.

They are called cruel because they have quickly forgotten their former hero, Pompey, and are now celebrating his conqueror, showing a lack of loyalty and gratitude.

4. Marullus
And when you saw his chariot but appear,
Have you not made an universal shout,
That Tiber trembled underneath her banks,
To hear the replication of your sounds
Made in her concave shores?
And do you now put on your best attire?
And do you now cull out a holiday?
And do you now strew flowers in his way,
That comes in triumph over Pompey’s blood?

(i) Whose chariot was seen? When? What did “you” do on seeing the chariot ?

Answer: The chariot that was seen belonged to Pompey. This occurred in the past when Pompey was still alive and honored. Upon seeing the chariot, the people made a “universal shout,” expressing their admiration and excitement.

(ii) What is meant by “universal shout”? State in your own words what happened as a consequence of the shout

Answer: “Universal shout” refers to a loud cheer or cry made collectively by all the people. As a consequence of this shout, the Tiber River seemed to tremble under its banks, echoing the sound along its shores.

(iii) What is meant by “Pompey’s blood”? Who comes now in triumph?

Answer:  “Pompey’s blood” refers to the death of Pompey and his supporters. The person who comes now in triumph is Julius Caesar, who has defeated Pompey and his sons.

(iv) How do the people now prepare for the triumphal entry of the person?

Answer: The people prepare for Caesar’s triumphal entry by putting on their best attire, declaring a holiday, and strewing flowers in Caesar’s path.

(v) What does the speaker want to achieve by his speech given in the extract ?

Answer: The speaker, Marullus, wants to shame the people for their ingratitude and fickleness. He aims to remind them of their former loyalty to Pompey and to question their current celebration of Caesar, who triumphed over Pompey’s death.

5. Marullus
May we do so?
You know it is the feast of Lupercal.
Flavius
It is no matter; let no images
Be hung with Caesar’s trophies. I’Il about,
And drive away the vulgar from the streets.
So do you too, where you perceive them thick.
These growing feathers pluck’d from Caesar’s wing
will make him fly an ordinary pitch;
Who else would soar above the view of men
And keep us all in servile fearfulness.

(i) “May we do so?” What was Marullus supposed to do? Why?

Answer: Marullus was questioning whether they should remove decorations, specifically those that celebrate Julius Caesar, from public statues. He asked this because it was the feast of Lupercal, a public holiday, and interfering with public celebrations might have been seen as inappropriate or disrespectful.

(ii) What was the feast of Lupercal? How was the feast normally celebrated?

Answer: The Feast of Lupercal was an ancient Roman festival celebrated on February 15. It was meant to purify the city and promote health and fertility. The celebration involved a race where priests, known as Luperci, ran around the Palatine Hill striking those they encountered with thongs made from the hides of sacrificed goats. This was believed to bestow fertility and ease childbirth.

(iii) What is meant by “trophies”? Why does Flavius say that no images should be hung with Caesar’s trophies?

Answer: “Trophies” in this context refers to symbols or decorations commemorating Julius Caesar’s victories. Flavius says that no images should be hung with Caesar’s trophies because he wants to prevent Caesar from being overly glorified and gaining more power. Flavius fears that such honors would elevate Caesar too much, leading to a potential tyranny where everyone would live in fear under his rule.

(iv) Who are “the vulgar”? Why are they so called?

Answer: “The vulgar” refers to the common people or the masses. They are called “vulgar” because the word historically meant “common” or “ordinary.” In this context, Flavius uses it disdainfully to describe the crowd as easily swayed and lacking in refinement or independent thought.

(v) How does the scene (from which the above extract is taken) reflect the changing fortunes of men in power and how does it indicate the behaviour of the common people in Rome?

Answer: This scene highlights the fickle nature of public opinion and the instability of power in Rome. The common people, who once celebrated Pompey, have now turned to celebrate Caesar, showing how easily they shift their loyalties. Marullus and Flavius, as tribunes, are concerned that this celebration of Caesar’s triumph might lead to him gaining too much power, which could upset the balance of the Republic. The scene reflects the precariousness of political power and the susceptibility of the masses to persuasion and manipulation, often leading to drastic shifts in support for different leaders.

Extras

Multiple Choice Questions III

1. What does Marullus accuse the citizens of being?

a) Loyal subjects
b) Fickle creatures
c) Brave warriors
d) Wise men

Answer: b) Fickle creatures

10. What does the phrase “plucked from Caesar’s wing” suggest?

a) Caesar’s literal wings
b) Caesar’s power and influence
c) The wings of a statue
d) Caesar’s military victories

Answer: b) Caesar’s power and influence

Questions and Answers III

1. MARULLUS:
Wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home? What tributaries follow him to Rome, To grace in captive bonds his chariot wheels?

i. Who speaks these lines, and what is the context in which they are spoken?

Answer: Marullus, a tribune of Rome, speaks these lines. He is addressing the common citizens who are celebrating Julius Caesar’s victory. Marullus is expressing his disdain for the people’s quick shift of loyalty from Pompey to Caesar.

ii. What does Marullus mean by “tributaries follow him to Rome”?

Answer: Marullus is sarcastically asking what new lands or people Caesar has conquered and brought to Rome in chains, emphasizing that Caesar’s victory was over fellow Romans, not foreign enemies.

iii. Explain the significance of the phrase “captive bonds his chariot wheels”.

Answer: The phrase refers to the tradition of displaying captured enemies in chains during a Roman triumph. Marullus is questioning whether Caesar’s victory is worthy of such a display.

iv. Why is Marullus critical of the celebration?

Answer: Marullus is critical because he believes the people are betraying their former hero, Pompey, by celebrating Caesar, who defeated Pompey’s sons. He views their celebration as a sign of their fickleness and ingratitude.

7. COBBLER:
Nay, I beseech you, sir, be not out with me: yet, if you be out, sir, I can mend you.

i. Explain the pun in the phrase “if you be out, sir, I can mend you”.

Answer: The pun lies in the dual meaning of “out”. Literally, it refers to a shoe being worn out, which the cobbler can repair. Figuratively, it means if someone is upset, the cobbler can resolve or mend the situation.

ii. How does the cobbler’s use of puns serve his character in the play?

Answer: The cobbler’s use of puns adds humor to the scene and shows his wit. It also serves to subtly mock the tribunes, demonstrating that even commoners can be clever and sharp-tongued.

iii. Why does the cobbler ask Marullus to “be not out with me”?

Answer: The cobbler asks Marullus not to be angry with him, using humor to defuse the situation and avoid the tribune’s wrath.

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