Get notes, workbook solutions, summary, questions and answers, and pdf of the drama/play Julius Caesar (Act 2 Scene 1) by William Shakespeare which is part of ICSE Class 9 English. However, the notes should only be treated for references and changes should be made according to the needs of the students.
Summary
Brutus finds himself restless and plagued by thoughts, alone in his garden in the dead of night. Unable to find peace in sleep due to the persuasive arguments Cassius has put before him, he contemplates the idea that Caesar must be killed to save Rome from impending tyranny. Brutus asks Lucius, his servant, to light a candle in his study. Lucius returns, presenting Brutus with a letter he found at the window while looking for a candle. The letter, written anonymously by Cassius in various handwriting styles, is aimed at encouraging Brutus to act against Caesar. Reading the letter under the light of passing meteors, Brutus comes to the somber conclusion that, even though he bears no personal ill will towards Caesar, the man must die to preserve the Roman Republic.
Later, Cassius arrives at Brutus’ residence accompanied by other co-conspirators: Casca, Decius, Cinna, Metellus, and Trebonius. Cassius proposes that they all take an oath to bind them to their cause of killing Caesar for the greater good of Rome. Brutus, steadfast in his belief that their motives are pure and just, dismisses the idea of an oath. Their Roman identity and honorable cause, he argues, are oath enough. The subject then turns to the inclusion of Cicero in their conspiracy. Brutus stands against it, asserting that Cicero, being uninformed from the start, won’t fully grasp the seriousness of their plans. Despite Cassius’ objection, the others defer to Brutus’ judgment, such is their respect for him. However, Brutus seems to overlook Cicero’s skill in oratory and influence.
Cassius then suggests that Mark Antony, a loyal confidant to Caesar, should also be assassinated. Brutus, however, objects. He argues that killing Antony would be excessive; with Caesar gone, Antony would lose his political influence and significance. In doing so, Brutus severely underestimates Antony’s power and cunning, describing him as a man devoted to leisure and social activities, and therefore not a serious threat.
The conversation shifts to whether Caesar will actually go to the Senate, especially given recent strange omens that have made him superstitious. Decius takes it upon himself to ensure Caesar’s attendance, planning to exploit Caesar’s vanity and love of flattery.
After the conspirators leave, Portia, Brutus’ worried wife, approaches him. She is deeply concerned about his recent strange and aloof behavior. To prove her emotional and physical resilience, she reveals a self-inflicted wound on her thigh and pleads for Brutus to share his troubles with her. Touched by her gesture and her argument that, as Cato’s daughter and his wife, she is more than capable of sharing his burdens, Brutus agrees to reveal his secrets to her later.
Their private moment is interrupted by a knock. It’s Ligarius, arriving with a bandage on his head, claiming to have risen from his sickbed just to join whatever enterprise Brutus is planning. Impressed by his loyalty, Brutus warmly invites Ligarius to be a part of his mission, obviously intending to disclose the full details soon.
In this intricate web of events, Brutus grapples with ethical dilemmas, all while missing key insights into the characters of Antony and Cicero, setting the stage for the unfolding tragedy.
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Evergreen Workbook Solutions
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Brutus asks Lucius to place a candle in his
Answer: b) study
2. Brutus thinks of Caesar as a
Answer: a) serpent’s egg
3. Conspiracy is so evil that it chooses to roam freely
Answer: c) during the night
4. According to Brutus, an oath is not necessary as
Answer: b) it is not required
5. Brutus considers Antony to be a
Answer: c) a limb of Caesar
Context questions
Question 1
BRUTUS- it must be by his death, and, for my part,
I know no personal cause to spur at him, but for the general.
He would be crowned how that might change his nature”.
1. Where is Brutus? Why is Brutus unable to sleep?
Answer: Brutus is alone in his orchard, pacing restlessly in the middle of the night. He is unable to sleep because his mind is in turmoil over the idea of assassinating Julius Caesar, which Cassius has convinced him is necessary.
2. Whose death is Brutus speaking about? What are Brutus’ fears about the change in ‘his nature’?
Answer: Brutus is debating aloud about whether Caesar must be killed. He fears that if Caesar is crowned king, it will transform his character and make him arrogant and tyrannical.
3. What danger does Brutus foresee if the person is crowned king? What does this reveal about Brutus’ character?
Answer: Brutus sees danger in allowing Caesar to become an authoritarian ruler. He believes Caesar’s power will corrupt his moral character. This reveals Brutus’ strong principles – he prioritizes ideals and the greater good over personal relationships.
4. What examples does Brutus cite to express his fears? Mention any two.
Answer: To illustrate his fears about power corrupting Caesar’s character, Brutus cites the examples of a serpent hatching from an egg and becoming dangerous, and poisonous adders only coming out when the warm sun shines. Both examples show benign things becoming lethal when conditions change.
5. Who enters after the extract? What does he bring to Brutus? Where had he found the object?
Answer: As Brutus is pondering these dark thoughts, his servant Lucius enters the scene. Lucius has brought a lit taper/candle to Brutus’ study as requested. He says he found the sealed letter he gives to Brutus while searching for a flint to light the candle by the window.
Question 2
BRUTUS- this is good. Go to the gate, somebody knocks.
(Exit Lucius)
Since Cassius first did whet me against Caesar,
I have not slept
between the acting of a dreadful thing
…… or a hideous dream
1. Complete the lines in the extract. Explain the lines after completing the extract.
Answer: The full lines are: “Between the acting of a dreadful thing/And the first motion, all the interim is/Like a phantasma or a hideous dream.” This vividly describes the surreal feeling of the time between making the fateful decision to commit a horrible act and actually carrying it out – it feels strange and nightmarish, almost unreal.
2. Who come to meet Brutus? How have they disguised themselves?
Answer: A group of men including Cassius, Casca, Decius Brutus, Cinna, Metellus Cimber, and Trebonius come to secretly meet Brutus at his home. They have cleverly disguised their identities by pulling their hats down over their ears and covering the lower halves of their faces with their cloaks.
3. What does Brutus say about conspiracy? What advice does he give?
Answer: When they first arrive, Brutus remarks that conspiracy should only creep around at night since it is so evil, saying “O conspiracy, sham’st thou to show thy dangerous brow by night?” He advises them to hide their true, dangerous intentions behind friendly smiles and courtesy.
4. What is the figure of speech used by Caesar to describe conspiracy? Explain.
Answer: The vivid figure of speech Brutus uses to describe the unnaturalness and wickedness of conspiracy is personification. He gives the abstract concept human attributes, saying it “chooses” when to roam freely and should be ashamed to show its face. This emphasizes how deeply wrong he feels this conspiracy is.
Question 3
BRUTUS- no, not an oath; if not the face of men
The sufferance of our souls, the times abuse
If there be motives weak, break off be times
And every man hence to his idle bed.
1. Who suggests that an oath should be taken? What does this show about the person’s foresightedness?
Answer: Cassius is the one who suggests the conspirators should all take a formal oath together, binding them in their plot to kill Caesar. This demonstrates Cassius’ greater political acumen and foresightedness in wanting to secure the men’s loyalty to their cause.
2. Who according to Brutus swears an oath?
Answer: According to Brutus, only weak, cowardly men swear oaths. He believes true Romans and noblemen should keep their word without requiring an oath.
3. Why does Brutus feel that swearing an oath is not necessary?
Answer: Brutus argues that taking an official oath is unnecessary because their intentions are honorable, so their inner virtues should be enough to commit them to the cause. He thinks an oath is only for dishonest men whose word alone cannot be trusted.
4. What is the next instance in which Brutus contradicts Cassius? In what way does this Brutus’ blunder surface in the play?
Answer: Brutus ignores Cassius’ advice again when deciding whether to assassinate Mark Antony along with Caesar. Unfortunately, this fateful decision proves to be a grave blunder, as Antony uses his funeral oration to successfully turn the public against Brutus and the conspirators.
5. How does Cassius show his farsightedness regarding the killing of Mark Antony? How correct was Cassius in his assessment of Mark Antony?
Answer: Cassius wisely foresees that allowing Mark Antony to live would come back to haunt them, arguing that Antony would use his influence with the Roman people to undermine the conspirators. This demonstrates Cassius’ good judgment and political savvy, since Antony did indeed become their enemy.
Question 4
DECIUS- shall no man else be touched but only Caesar?’
CASSIUS Decius, well urged – I think it is not meet
Mark Antony, so well be loved of Caesar should outlive Caesar.
We shall find of him a shrewd contriver.
1. What does Cassius suggest? Why does Brutus contradict him? What are the reasons given by Brutus not to kill Mark Antony?
Answer: Knowing Caesar feels great affection for Antony, Cassius suggests they should kill Antony along with Caesar to prevent future problems. However, Brutus contradicts him, arguing that killing Antony would seem too bloody and cruel.
2. How does Brutus try to justify that their act will appear ‘too bloody’?
Answer: To justify sparing Antony, Brutus argues that only killing Caesar, their main target, will make it appear they acted out of principle and honor, not vicious malice. Killing Caesar alone will send the message that they had noble, measured motives.
3. What is Brutus’ assessment regarding Mark Antony? How sound is his judgement? Give reasons.
Answer: Brutus dismisses Antony as merely “a limb of Caesar” who poses no threat without the “head” Caesar to guide him. He underestimates Antony’s abilities and influence, naively assuming removing Caesar will render Antony harmless. This assessment proves deeply misguided.
Question 5
TREBONIUS-This time to part.
CASSIUS – but it is doubtful yet.
Whether Caesar will come forth today or no
for he is superstitious grown off late;
Quite from the main opinion he held once.
1. What are Cassius’ fears as to whether Caesar will come or not? What has given rise to this fear? State how Decius can “o’ersway” him. What promise does he make?
Answer: As they are planning when to kill Caesar, Cassius expresses doubts about whether Caesar will even come to the Senate that day. He says Caesar has grown very superstitious lately, so the terrible storm and other supernatural omens may keep him at home. However, Decius promises to use flattery and ego-stroking to ensure Caesar will come despite the warnings.
2. Another person’s name is mentioned after the extract. Who is he? Why is he not suitable to be a part of the plot? What is Brutus’ reaction to this proposal?
Answer: After the extract, the conspirators discuss whether they should involve Cicero in their plot. Ultimately they decide against including the famous orator and philosopher because he was not involved from the beginning so would not fully understand their motivations. Brutus rejects the idea of bringing Cicero in at this late stage.
3. What advice does Brutus give to the others before parting? How does he show his affection towards Lucius?
Answer: Before departing, Brutus advises the conspirators to hide their intentions and look cheerful so as not to arouse suspicion. He shows affection for his servant Lucius by addressing him fondly as “boy” and telling him he can keep sleeping soundly without worries or nightmares.
4. Who enters the scene a little later? What does the person say to Brutus?
Answer: Shortly after the conspirators leave, Portia enters the scene. She urgently asks Brutus to confide in her and explain why he has been so troubled and distant lately.
Question 6
PORTIA dwell I but in the suburbs
of you good pleasure? If it be no more,
Portia is Brutus’ harlot, not his wife.
1. How does Portia assess Brutus’ ill health? Is she correct in her assessment? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer: When Brutus claims he is simply ill to explain his odd behavior, Portia correctly sees through this and assesses that he is not physically sick but is mentally disturbed by some issue he is keeping secret from her. His recent strange, agitated actions indicate an inner turmoil rather than physical malady.
2. How does Portia show her love and submissiveness to Brutus? What fears does she voice to Brutus?
Answer: To demonstrate her devotion and submission to her husband, Portia kneels before Brutus and desperately pleads with him to share his troubles with her. She is deeply concerned about being excluded from his confidence and not being able to support him.
3. How does Portia prove to Brutus that she is stronger than any other woman?
Answer: To prove to Brutus just how strong she is both mentally and physically, Portia reveals she inflicted a wound on her own thigh and was able to bear the pain stoically. This shows her fortitude and strength of will.
4. Who intrudes the conversation of Portia and Brutus? What does Brutus promise Portia?
Answer: Just as Brutus is moved by Portia’s heartfelt pleas and promises to tell her everything, they are interrupted by Lucius bringing in an unexpected visitor, Ligarius. Brutus tells Portia they will continue their discussion and he will reveal all his secrets soon.
5. Before this extract, Portia appealed to Brutus in such a way that she part played on his emotions. Which of her reasoning has appealed most to you? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer: While Portia’s dramatic demonstration of stabbing her own leg proves her determination, her emotional appeal is more powerful. Highlighting her duty as Brutus’ wife and pleading for his trust based on her love and loyalty provides a compelling moral argument. Her words reveal the depth of their relationship.
Morning Star Workbook Solutions
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Why is Brutus having sleepless nights?
(a) Because of the stormy weather outside.
(b) Because of his inner turmoil.
(c) He is suffering from insomnia.
(d) Because of his fear of being a co-conspirator against Caesar.
Answer: (b) Because of his inner turmoil.
2. Which of the following is NOT true about Brutus’ feelings for Caesar?
(a) He loves Caesar.
(b) Caesar’s death will be for the good of Rome.
(c) He has a personal grudge against Caesar.
(d) He fears the people would choose Caesar as their king.
Answer: (c) He has a personal grudge against Caesar.
3. Brutus does not agree with Cassius on the issue of taking mutual oath becauce he considers
(a) they are true Romans fighting for a just cause.
(b) they are true Romans fighting for an unjust cause.
(c) it is below their dignity to take an oath,
(d) it is an attempt to take their test.
Answer: (a) they are true Romans fighting for a just cause.
4. Why does Brutus not want Cicero to join the group of conspirators?
(a) Cicero is Caesar’s trustworthy
(b) Cicero is known for shifting loyalties
(c) Cicero is indecisive
(d) Cicero is irresolute
Answer: (d) Cicero is irresolute.
5. Why is Brutus against killing Antony after the murder of Caesar?
(a) Antony will be powerless after Caesar’s death
(b) Antony devoted his life to sports and wildness
(c) They must not appear as butchers to the people.
(d) Al of the above.
Answer: (d) All of the above.
6. How does Decius Brutus say he would persuade Caesar to come to the Senate?
(a) By flattery
(b) By deceit
(c) By persuasion
(d) By showing fear
Answer: (a) By flattery.
7. According to Cassius, what could prevent Caesar from coming to the Senate?
(a) The signs and portents given by the storm
(b) The warning given by the Soothsayer
(c) The report given by his loyal friends
(d) All of the above
Answer: (a) The signs and portents given by the storm
8. What is Portia’s complaint against Brutus?
(a) He has been ignoring her
(b) He has been talking to strangers
(c) He has been behaving unnaturally
(d) He has been sleepwalking
Answer: (c) He has been behaving unnaturally.
9. With whom does Portia compare herself?
(a) Her uncle, Brutus
(b) Her legendary mother
(c) Her father, Cato
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) Her father, Cato
10. Portia pleads with Brutus to share his secret with her claiming which of the following?
(a) Equal rights of wifehood
(b) Being his childhood friend
(c) Being his well-wisher
(d) Being his close confidant
Answer: (a) Equal rights of wifehood.
11. What does ‘darkness’ signify in this scene?
(a) Fear in Brutus’ mind
(b) Suspicion in Brutus’ mind
(c) Confusion in Brutus’ mind
(d) Calmness in Brutus’ mind
Answer: (c) Confusion in Brutus’ mind
12. Which literary device is used in this scene to reveal Brutus’ confused state of mind ?
(a) Anaphora
(b) Soliloquy
(c) Personification
(d) Irony
Answer: (b) Soliloquy.
13. Which argument does Brutus give to convince himself to join the conspirators against Caesar?
(a) Once crowned, Caesar would get them killed
(b) Once crowned, Caesar would cause end of Rome
(c) Once crowned, Caesar would become uncontrollable
(d) None of the above.
Answer: (c) Once crowned, Caesar would become uncontrollable
14. Brutus uses which of the following phrases for Caesar?
(a) Butcher of butchers
(b) Slayer of Rome
(c) Devil’s soul
(d) Serpent’s egg
Answer: (d) Serpent’s egg.
15. Brutus justifies his act of joining the conspirators to assassinate Caesar by defining it as
(a) moral and necessary
(b) spiritual and purifying
(c) cleansing and moralising
(d) worldly-wise and needful
Answer: (a) moral and necessary.
16. Which of the following acts of Brutus, after joining the conspirators, does NOT indicate his dictatorial behaviour?
(a) Vetoes the inclusion of Cicero
(b) Objects to the killing of Antony
(c) Accedes to the plan of brutally murdering Caesar
(d) Agrees to killing Antony.
Answer: (d) Agrees to killing Antony.
17. While pleading with Brutus, Portia appeals to which of his traits?
(a) His sense of honour
(b) His sense of pride
(c) His sense of friendship
(d) His sense of loyalty
Answer: (a) His sense of honour
18. Why do the conspirators want to win over Brutus to their side?
(a) His integrity and personal reputation in Rome
(b) His method of planning and executing.
(c) His sharp knowledge of Republicanism
(d) His love for Caesar
Answer: (a) His integrity and personal reputation in Rome.
19. Which characteristic trait of Caesar does Decius Brutus’ character reveal in this scene?
(a) Patriotism
(b) Loyal friend
(c) Betrayal of friendship
(d) Irritable vanity
Answer: (d) Irritable vanity
20. In his mind how does Brutus justify killing Caesar?
(a) Spiritual and Purifying
(b) A necessary evil
(c) Vanquishing Rome’s foe
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer: (d) Both (a) and (b)
Context Questions
1.Lucius
I will, my lord.
Brutus (Exit)
It must be by his death: and, for my part,
I know no personal cause to spurn at him,
But for the general. He would be crown’d:
How that might change his nature, there’s the question:
It is the bright day that brings forth the adder;
And that craves wary walking.
(i) Where does this scene take place? Who is Lucius? What has he been asked to do?
Answer: This scene takes place in Brutus’ orchard. Lucius is Brutus’ servant. He has been asked to fetch a taper (a candle) from Brutus’ study and return to him once it is lit.
(ii) In what mood is Brutus? What does it refer to? Whose death is suggested?
Answer: Brutus is in a contemplative and troubled mood, reflecting on a difficult decision he faces. This mood refers to his internal conflict about whether or not to join the conspiracy against Julius Caesar. The death suggested is that of Julius Caesar.
(iii) Who has convinced Brutus to take such a step? What is the motive of Brutus for taking such a decision as expressed in the extract? What does it reveal about Brutus?
Answer: Cassius has convinced Brutus to consider taking this drastic step. Brutus’ motive, as expressed in the extract, is to prevent the potential tyranny that Caesar’s rule might bring if he is crowned king. Brutus is concerned that power could corrupt Caesar, and his decision reveals his strong sense of duty to Rome and his fear of the possible abuse of power.
(iv) What danger does Brutus foresee if the person is crowned as a king? How is this danger expressed by referring to the “bright day” and the “adder”?
Answer: Brutus foresees the danger that if Caesar is crowned king, he might become a tyrant, abusing his power. The danger is expressed metaphorically; the “bright day” symbolizes Caesar’s rise to power, which might “bring forth the adder,” representing the emergence of tyranny. The adder (a venomous snake) is a threat that necessitates careful and cautious behavior, just as Brutus believes Caesar’s potential tyranny must be prevented before it can take root.
(v) What are your feelings for Brutus at this juncture? Give two reasons to justify your feelings.
Answer: At this juncture, one might feel a mixture of admiration and pity for Brutus. Admiration because Brutus is shown as a man of principle, deeply concerned with the welfare of Rome and willing to make personal sacrifices for the greater good. Pity because Brutus is clearly tormented by the decision he faces, indicating the heavy burden of his moral dilemma. He is caught between his loyalty to Caesar as a friend and his duty to Rome, highlighting the tragedy of his situation.
2. Brutus
So Caesar may;
Then, lest he may, prevent. And, since the quarrel
Will bear no colour for the thing he is,
Fashion it thus; that what he is, augmented,
Would run to these and these extremities;
And therefore think him as a serpent’s egg,
Which, hatch’d, would, as his kind, grow mischicvous,
And kill him in the shell.
(i) “So Caesar may.” What may Caesar do? Your answer must refer to the metaphor of the ladder, used by Brutus in his speech. How does Brutus intend to prevent Caesar from doing so?
Answer: Brutus fears that Caesar may ascend the “ladder” of ambition, whereupon reaching the top, he might turn his back on those who helped him rise and scorn the “base degrees” by which he ascended. Brutus intends to prevent Caesar from doing this by killing him before he can become too powerful and potentially dangerous.
(ii) Give the meaning: “And, since the Quarrel/ Will bear no colour for the thing he is/ Fashion it thus.”
Answer: This means that since there is no valid or visible reason to oppose Caesar for who he currently is, Brutus decides to justify the conspiracy by imagining what Caesar could become if given more power. He “fashions” the argument that Caesar’s potential for tyranny, once crowned, justifies the need to act against him.
(iii) What is meant by “augmented”? How can Caesar be augmented? How had there already been an attempt to augment him?
Answer: “Augmented” means increased or made greater. Caesar can be augmented by being given more power, such as being crowned king. There had already been an attempt to augment him when the people offered him a crown, which he refused three times, indicating the possibility of him being crowned in the future.
(iv) To whom is a “serpent’s egg” compared? What does Brutus want to communicate by using comparison of a “serpent’s egg’?
Answer: The “serpent’s egg” is compared to Caesar. Brutus uses this comparison to suggest that just as a serpent’s egg, once hatched, would grow into something dangerous, so too would Caesar, if allowed to gain more power. Thus, Brutus argues that Caesar should be “killed in the shell,” or eliminated before he can become a threat.
(v) What price would Brutus pay later by preventing a “serpent’s egg” from being hatched?
Answer: By preventing the “serpent’s egg” (Caesar) from hatching, Brutus pays the price of personal guilt, turmoil, and ultimately, the collapse of his own life and the Republic he sought to protect. His actions lead to a civil war and his own downfall, showing the heavy moral and political cost of his decision to assassinate Caesar.
3. Brutus
Tis good. Go to the gate; somebody knocks.
[Exit Lucius]
Since Cassius first did whet me against Caesar,
I have not slept.
Between the acting of a dreadful thing
And the first motion, all the interim is
Like a phantasma, or a hideous dream:
The genius and the mortal instruments
Are then in council; and the state of man,
Like to a little kingdom, suffers then
The nature of an insurrection..
(i) To what does Brutus reply, “Tis good.” Who is knocking at the gate? Why has he come?
Answer: Brutus replies “’Tis good” to Lucius after he informs Brutus that someone is knocking at the gate. The person knocking is Cassius, who has come along with other conspirators to meet Brutus and finalize their plan to assassinate Caesar.
(ii) What is the impact of Cassius earlier discussion on Brutus?
Answer: Cassius’s earlier discussion has greatly disturbed Brutus, causing him sleepless nights. The thought of participating in the conspiracy against Caesar weighs heavily on his conscience, and he has been unable to find peace since Cassius first planted the idea of Caesar’s potential tyranny in his mind.
(iii) In what type of mental frame is Brutus? Why does he compare his mental condition to a nightmare or a horrid dream?
Answer: Brutus is in a deeply troubled and conflicted mental state. He compares his condition to a nightmare or a horrid dream because the anticipation of committing a dreadful act—assassinating Caesar—creates a sense of unease and dread. This “interim” period between deciding to act and the action itself feels unreal and disturbing, like a phantasma or a nightmarish vision.
(iv) Give the meaning of:
(a) “All the interim is like a phantasma”
This phrase means that the time between deciding to commit a terrible deed and actually carrying it out feels unreal and dreamlike, as if one is in the grip of a terrifying illusion or nightmare.
(b)“The genius and the mortal instruments/ Are then in council”
This means that during such tense moments, the mind (genius) and the body (mortal instruments) engage in deep, anxious deliberation, as if holding a council to decide how to proceed.
(v) In the last Lines of the extract, the mental condition of Brutus is compared to a civil war. Explain how the comparison is made.
Answer: Brutus’s mental state is compared to a civil war within a small kingdom, which represents his own mind. Just as a kingdom suffers from internal conflict during an insurrection, Brutus’s mind suffers from the turmoil and conflict caused by the decision to betray and kill Caesar, whom he once considered a friend. This internal struggle reflects the chaos and division that civil wars bring to a state.
4. Brutus
They are the faction. O conspiracy,
Sham’st thou to show thy dangerous brow by night,
When evils are most free? O, then, by day
Where wilt thou find a cavern dark enough
To mask thy monstrous visage? Seek none, conspiracy;
Hide it in smiles and affability:
For if thou path, thy native semblance on,
Not Erebus itself were dim enough
To hide thee from prevention.
(i) Who comes after this extract? How are they dressed? Who informs Brutus of their arrival?
Answer: After this extract, the conspirators Cassius, Casca, Decius, Cinna, Metellus, and Trebonius arrive. They are dressed with their hats pulled down over their ears and half their faces hidden in their cloaks, making it difficult for Lucius to recognize them. Lucius informs Brutus of their arrival.
(ii) What is meant by the “faction” and “thy dangerous brow”?
Answer: The “faction” refers to the group of conspirators plotting against Julius Caesar. “Thy dangerous brow” refers to the threatening and ominous appearance of the conspiracy or the conspirators.
(iii) How does conspiracy disguise itself at night and during the day?
Answer: At night, the conspiracy disguises itself by taking advantage of the darkness when “evils are most free.” During the day, it must hide its “monstrous visage” behind “smiles and affability” to avoid detection.
(iv) What is referred to as “Erebus”? If conspiracy were to appear with its “native semblance on,” what would happen?
Answer: “Erebus” refers to a place of darkness in Greek mythology, often associated with the underworld. If the conspiracy were to appear with its “native semblance on,” meaning without any disguise, even Erebus would not be dark enough to conceal it from being discovered or prevented.
(v) Why is it necessary to disguise the conspiracy? Give two of the Precautions taken by the conspirators to hide the conspiracy.
Answer: It is necessary to disguise the conspiracy to prevent it from being detected and thwarted. Two precautions taken by the conspirators include meeting at night to avoid being seen and wearing cloaks that hide their faces to prevent recognition.
5. Brutus
What need we any spur but our own cause,
To prick us to redress? what other bond
Than secret Romans, that have spoke the word,
And will not palter? And what other oath
Than honesty to honesty engagd,
That this shall be, or we will fall for it?
(i) Who are referred to as the “we? What is “our own cause”? State in your own words how the cause itself is a spur.
Answer: The “we” referred to in this passage are Brutus and the other conspirators against Julius Caesar. “Our own cause” refers to their belief that they must protect Rome from tyranny by preventing Caesar from gaining absolute power. The cause itself serves as a spur because their commitment to the greater good of Rome is motivation enough to take action without any external encouragement. They believe their duty to Rome is all the impetus they need to act.
(ii) Who had suggested the idea of taking an oath? Why did Brutus dismiss that idea? Was Brutus’ decision wise? Why?
Answer: Cassius suggested the idea of taking an oath to solidify the conspirators’ commitment. Brutus dismissed this idea because he believed that their cause was so just and noble that it did not require an oath. He felt that if their sense of honor and commitment to Rome was not strong enough to bind them, then an oath would be meaningless. Brutus’ decision could be seen as wise because it emphasized the moral integrity of their mission, although it might also be seen as naïve since it underestimated the potential for human frailty and betrayal.
(iii) Explain what is meant by “honesty to honesty engag’d”. Why is honesty very important for Brutus and his men?
Answer: “Honesty to honesty engag’d” means that their honesty and integrity are bound by mutual trust, and they are committed to acting truthfully and honorably. Honesty is very important for Brutus and his men because their conspiracy is based on the idea that they are acting for the greater good of Rome, not out of personal gain or malice. If they are dishonest, it would undermine the righteousness of their cause and reduce them to the level of tyrants they seek to oppose.
(iv) According to Brutus, who normally takes an oath? How does Brutus convince his group to uphold Roman nobility rather than depend on an oath?
Answer: According to Brutus, oaths are normally taken by priests, cowards, deceitful men, old and feeble people, and those who need to swear to bad causes because they cannot be trusted to act honestly. Brutus convinces his group to uphold Roman nobility by appealing to their sense of honor and the nobility of their cause. He argues that true Romans should not need an oath to bind them to their word; their sense of duty and honor should be enough. This appeal to their noble character and the righteousness of their cause is intended to inspire them to act without needing the formal binding of an oath.
6.Brutus
O, name him not: let us not break with him;
For he will never follow any thing
That other men begin.
Cassius
Then leave him out.
Casca
Indeed he is not fit,
Decius
Shall no man else be touch’d but only Caesar?
(i) Who is “him”? What did Brutus want to leave him out of? What reason had just been given in his favour?
Answer: “Him” refers to Cicero. Brutus wanted to leave Cicero out of the conspiracy against Caesar. The reason given in Cicero’s favor was that his “silver hairs” (i.e., his age and wisdom) would give the conspiracy a good reputation and lend it credibility, making their actions seem more justified.
(ii) Explain “let us not break with him.” Why does Brutus say this?
Answer: “Let us not break with him” means “let us not involve him in this plan.” Brutus says this because he believes Cicero will not follow anything that other men begin. In other words, Cicero is not likely to join or support an initiative that he did not originate.
(iii) What is the meaning of “touch’d” here? Who else, does Cassius now mention should be “touch’d”? What is his reason?
Answer: “Touch’d” here means “killed” or “targeted.” Cassius mentions that Mark Antony should also be “touch’d” (killed) because he is a close ally of Caesar and might use his power and influence to seek revenge on the conspirators after Caesar’s death.
(iv) Brutus overrides Cassius. Why? What does it reveal about Brutus?
Answer: Brutus overrides Cassius because he believes that killing Antony along with Caesar would make their actions seem too bloody and would appear as if they are driven by envy and wrath rather than by justice. This reveals Brutus’s desire to maintain a sense of honor and moral high ground, showing that he is more concerned with the ethical implications of their actions than with practical concerns.
(v) In his turn, Cassius does not agree with Brutus’ ideas. State the objection put forth by Cassius and tell how his objection was later justified.
Answer: Cassius objects to Brutus’s decision not to kill Mark Antony, arguing that Antony might become a serious threat to them after Caesar’s death. His objection is later justified as Antony indeed turns out to be a shrewd and dangerous opponent, rallying the Roman people against the conspirators and leading to their eventual downfall.
7. Cassius
Yet I fear him;
For in the ingrafted love he bears to Caesar—.
Brutus
Alas, good Cassius, do not think of him.
If he love Caesar, all that he can do
Is to hImself, — take thought and die for Caesar
And that were much he should; for he is given
To sports, to wildness. and much company
Trebonius
There is no fear in him; let him not die;
For he will live, and laugh at this hereafter.
[Clock strikes]
(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue? What is meant by “ingrafted love”? Name the person being talked about in the dialogue.
Answer: The occasion for the dialogue is a meeting among the conspirators planning the assassination of Julius Caesar. “Ingrafted love” refers to a deep-seated and inherent affection or loyalty. The person being talked about is Mark Antony.
(iI) How does Brutus dismiss Cassius’ fear of that person?
Answer: Brutus dismisses Cassius’ fear of Mark Antony by suggesting that Antony, even if he loves Caesar, can only harm himself. Brutus argues that Antony is more inclined towards sports, wildness, and socializing, implying that he is not a serious threat.
(iII) Why does Trebonius say that there is no cause to fear that man?
Answer: Trebonius says that there is no cause to fear Mark Antony because he believes Antony will live on and simply laugh at the conspiracy in the future, implying that Antony poses no real danger to them.
(iv) Which of the three men prove to be right and in what way?
Answer: Cassius proves to be right in the end. After Caesar’s assassination, Mark Antony’s actions lead to the downfall of the conspirators. He skillfully manipulates the public and raises an army against Brutus and Cassius, proving that he was indeed a significant threat, contrary to what Brutus and Trebonius believed.
Extras
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What does Brutus compare Caesar to in his soliloquy?
A. A serpent’s egg
B. A dangerous lion
C. A sleeping giant
D. A sharp sword
Answer: A. A serpent’s egg
13. Why does Brutus say the conspiracy should hide its true nature?
A. To avoid detection by Caesar’s spies
B. To maintain the element of surprise
C. To appear honorable and just
D. To gain public support
Answer: C. To appear honorable and just
Questions and Answers
1. Lucius
I will, my lord.
Brutus
It must be by his death: and, for my part,
I know no personal cause to spurn at him,
But for the general. He would be crown’d:
How that might change his nature, there’s the question:
It is the bright day that brings forth the adder;
And that craves wary walking.
i. Where is Brutus at this moment, and what is he contemplating?
Answer: Brutus is in his orchard, contemplating the necessity of Caesar’s death to prevent potential tyranny.
ii. What does Brutus mean by “the bright day that brings forth the adder”?
Answer: Brutus uses this metaphor to suggest that Caesar’s rise to power could reveal his dangerous nature, just as the bright day brings out the snake.
iii. Why does Brutus feel there is no personal cause to kill Caesar?
Answer: Brutus feels no personal animosity towards Caesar but believes that killing him is necessary for the greater good of Rome.
iv. How does Brutus describe the change in Caesar if he were to be crowned?
Answer: Brutus fears that crowning Caesar would change his nature, making him dangerous and tyrannical.
v. What decision does Brutus reach by the end of this soliloquy?
Answer: Brutus decides that Caesar must be killed before he can become a tyrant, comparing him to a serpent’s egg that must be destroyed before it hatches.
10. Brutus
Let’s carve him as a dish fit for the gods,
Not hew him as a carcass fit for hounds.
i. What is Brutus’s intention in describing the assassination this way?
Answer: Brutus’s intention is to elevate the assassination to a noble act, rather than a brutal slaughter.
ii. How does this line reflect Brutus’s values?
Answer: This line reflects Brutus’s values of honor, dignity, and his desire to act for the greater good rather than out of personal malice.
iii. What contrast is Brutus drawing between the gods and hounds?
Answer: Brutus contrasts the refinement and respect associated with the gods to the savage, indiscriminate violence of hounds, emphasizing how they should approach Caesar’s death.
iv. What does Brutus hope to achieve by killing Caesar “boldly” rather than “wrathfully”?
Answer: Brutus hopes to maintain his moral integrity and ensure that the assassination is seen as a necessary and honorable act.
v. How does Brutus’s rhetoric influence the other conspirators?
Answer: Brutus’s rhetoric inspires the conspirators to view the assassination as a justified, almost sacred duty, rather than a mere power grab.
Ron’e Dutta is a journalist, teacher, aspiring novelist, and blogger who manages Online Free Notes. An avid reader of Victorian literature, his favourite book is Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë. He dreams of travelling the world. You can connect with him on social media. He does personal writing on ronism.
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Answers are perfect but some words are used extra
What is reffered to “So Caesar may”?
Extra Questions Answers of Julius Caesar Act 2 scene 1
what does brutus foresee?
tbh brutus isn’t the one who foresees anything it is Cassius. He foretells that Mark Antony should be killed with Caesar as he might and will avenge Caesar’s death.
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