Get notes, workbook solutions, summary, questions and answers, and pdf of the drama/play Julius Caesar (Act 4 Scene 3) by William Shakespeare, which is part of ICSE Class 10 English. However, the notes should only be treated as references, and changes should be made according to the needs of the students.
Summary
The scene takes place in Brutus’s tent in the rebel camp near Sardis. Brutus and Cassius, the leaders of the rebellion against Caesar, get into a heated argument. Cassius accuses Brutus of wrongly condemning one of Cassius’s friends, Lucius Pella, for taking bribes. Brutus in turn accuses Cassius of being corrupt himself, taking bribes, and selling public offices for personal gain.
Their quarrel quickly escalates, with Cassius feeling deeply insulted and threatening violence against Brutus if they were not longtime friends. Brutus brings up how Cassius previously denied sending him funds to pay his troops. Cassius says this denial must have been a messenger’s mistake, as he would never deny Brutus money. He asks why Brutus would think so ill of him.
Both men lash out in anger, with Brutus calling Cassius dishonourable and Cassius dramatically offering his heart for Brutus to stab Caesar as he stabbed Caesar. However, they soon realise how broken their friendship has become over misunderstandings. Repenting of their rash behaviour, they renew their bond, clasping hands.
Brutus then tells the grievous news that his wife Portia has died by suicide, swallowing fire out of grief over the rebellion’s troubles. Cassius is amazed at Brutus’s stoic acceptance of this blow. They are joined by officers Messala and Titinius, who report that their enemies Octavius and Antony are marching on them at Philippi with a massive force, having already executed scores of senators loyal to Brutus.
Brutus proposes marching out to meet the enemy at Philippi, though Cassius advises letting the enemy come to them. Brutus overrides Cassius, saying they must seize this crisis as an opportunity. Cassius acquiesces to avoid further conflict.
After the meeting, as Brutus reads alone, the ghost of the dead Caesar appears before him, warning ominously that they will meet again at the coming battle. This frightening supernatural visitation signals the tragic outcome that awaits the noble but flawed conspirators.
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Evergreen Workbook Solutions
Multiple Choice Questions I
1. Cassius accuses Brutus of having
a. accused Lucius Pella of taking bribes b. accused Pindarus of taking bribes c. plotted against Cassius’ life d. instigated the Sardians against Lucius Pella.
Answer: a. accused Lucius Pella of taking bribes
2. Brutus reminds Cassius of
a. the Ides of March b. the Feast of Lupercal c. the day Caesar suffered from an epileptic fit d. the day Caesar sank in the river Tiber
Answer: a. the Ides of March
3. While Cassius and Brutus are arguing
a. a poet enters b. Lucilius enters c. Antony and Octavius attack them d. Lucius enters with a taper
Answer: a. a poet enters
4. Brutus does not want to wait for the enemies to attack them because
a. he fears that the people between Sardis and Philippi may join their forces b. they might receive a fuller number up c. they may become refreshed with renewed energy d. he is impatient by nature
Answer: b. they might receive a fuller number up
5. Portia commits suicide by
a. swallowing burning coals b. swallowing poison c. hanging herself d. burning herself
Answer: a. swallowing burning coals
Context questions I
QUESTION 1
BRUTUS- You wronged yourself to write in such a case
CASSIUS – In such a time as this it is not meet
That every offense should bear his commitment.
1. Where are Brutus and Cassius? What charge is levelled by Brutus against Cassius?
Answer: Brutus and Cassius are in Brutus’s tent. Brutus accuses Cassius of having an “itching palm”, implying corruption for taking bribes.
2. Why does Cassius feel that they should not argue in ‘such a time’?
Answer: Cassius feels they should not argue at such a critical time because unity is crucial for their survival and success against their enemies.
3. What did Brutus accuse Cassius of? How did Cassius react to this accusation?
Answer: Brutus accused Cassius of corruption and accepting bribes, to which Cassius reacted with disbelief and indignation, emphasizing their friendship and the importance of their cause over personal gain.
4. Explain the line: “It is not meet that every offense should bear his comment”.
Answer: The line means that it is not appropriate to scrutinize or criticize every minor offense during such critical and tumultuous times, suggesting a need for leniency and understanding among allies.
5. Brutus accuses Cassius of many wrongs. Was Brutus justified in doing so? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer: Brutus’s accusations were partially justified as they stemmed from a concern for integrity and the moral high ground in their cause. However, his approach might have been too harsh, ignoring the complexities of their situation and the need for pragmatic solutions in times of war.
QUESTION 2
BRUTUS – The name of Cassius honours this corruption
And chastisement doth therefore hide his head.
CASSIUS Chastisement.
BRUTUS Remember, the ____ of ____’, Remember.
1. What does Brutus remind Cassius of? Fill in the blanks of the lines in the extract.
Answer: Brutus reminds Cassius of “the Ides of March”. The correct lines are “Remember March; the ides of March remember.”
2. What do the words in the blanks signify? For what purpose did Julius Caesar bleed ‘for justice sake’?
Answer: The words “Ides of March” signify the day they assassinated Julius Caesar, marking it as a pivotal moment for their cause, intended for the sake of justice and the republic.
3. How does Brutus connect the act of murdering Caesar to corruption?
Answer: Brutus connects the act of murdering Caesar to corruption by arguing that their noble deed should not lead them to engage in corrupt practices like accepting bribes, as it would dishonor their cause.
4. How is Brutus wrong in his assessment? Was Brutus being fair to Cassius? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer: Brutus’s assessment is wrong because it oversimplifies complex situations and disregards the pragmatic aspects of their struggle. While aiming for moral high ground is noble, Brutus fails to acknowledge the necessity of resources and support in a rebellion. He was not being entirely fair to Cassius, not fully considering his perspective or the pressures they faced.
QUESTION 3
BRUTUS- Must I stand and crouch under your testy humour? By the gods, You shall digest the venom of your spleen, Though it do split you.
1. Explain the lines: “You shall digest the venom of your spleen/Though it do split you.”
Answer: The lines mean that Brutus is challenging Cassius to endure the consequences of his own anger and bitterness, even if it harms him.
2. How does Brutus taunt Cassius in the succeeding lines of the extract that Cassius tells Brutus in exasperation ‘Is it come to this’?
Answer: Brutus taunts Cassius by suggesting that Cassius should unleash his anger elsewhere, where it might be more appropriately directed, indicating that Brutus refuses to be intimidated or moved by Cassius’s temper.
3. Why does Cassius consider himself a better soldier than Brutus? Was he justified in the assessment of himself? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer: Cassius considers himself a better soldier due to his experience and ability to make pragmatic decisions in war. This self-assessment could be justified as it stems from his military experience and understanding of strategy, contrasting with Brutus’s idealism.
4. State any two derogatory remarks made by Brutus for Cassius. Was Brutus justified in doing so?
Answer: Two derogatory remarks include accusing Cassius of having an “itchingpalm” and suggesting Cassius is easily angered (“waspish”). Brutus’s justifications lie in his perception of Cassius’s actions as corrupt and detrimental to their cause, though his approach may lack empathy for Cassius’s situation.
5. What was the misunderstanding between Brutus and Cassius? How does Cassius justify himself to Brutus? What makes Cassius soften towards Brutus?
Answer: The misunderstanding revolves around Brutus’s accusation of Cassius accepting bribes and failing to financially support their military efforts. Cassius justifies himself by arguing the importance of unity and their shared cause, and he softens towards Brutus by showing vulnerability and reminding Brutus of their friendship and mutual sacrifices.
QUESTION 4
CASSIUS – There is my dagger,
And here my naked breast, within, a heart,
Dearer than Pluto’s mine, richer than gold,
If that thou be’st a Roman, take it forth,
1. What has made Cassius become so frustrated in anger? What were Cassius ‘ complaints against Brutus before this extract?
Answer: Cassius’s frustration stems from Brutus’s accusations of corruption and not supporting their cause financially. Cassius complains that Brutus unjustly condemned a friend and ignored Cassius’s pleas for leniency and support.
2. What does Cassius mean to say when he says his heart is “Dearer than Pluto’s mine”? Who is Pluto? Why does Cassius compare his heart to Pluto’s mine?
Answer: Cassius’s statement signifies the sincerity and value of his loyalty, comparing it to the wealth of the underworld, ruled by Pluto, the Roman god of the underworld. He uses this comparison to stress the depth and worth of his commitment to Brutus and their cause.
3. Why had Cassius, according to Brutus, denied giving gold to him? How did Cassius justify this accusation made to him by Brutus?
Answer: According to Brutus, Cassius denied sending him gold needed for the war effort, suggesting Cassius was hoarding wealth. Cassius justifies himself by highlighting the miscommunication and reaffirming his loyalty and willingness to support Brutus, even offering his own life as proof.
4. How does Brutus try to pacify Cassius and end the quarrel? How would you have ended the quarrel? Write your answer in two sentences.
Answer: Brutus attempts to pacify Cassius by acknowledging their mutual grief and the strains on their friendship, suggesting they should not let their disputes divide them. To end the quarrel, I would affirm the value of our friendship and mutual goals, proposing a focus on our common enemy rather than personal grievances.
5. Who enters the scene? Why has the person come here? How does Brutus react to the person’s intrusion?
Answer: A poet enters the scene, intending to reconcile Brutus and Cassius, believing that their quarrel could harm their cause. Brutus reacts dismissively to the poet’s intrusion, seeing it as inappropriate and unwelcome at such a tense moment.
QUESTION 5
BRUTUS- No more I pray you,
Messala, have here I received letters
That young Octavius and Mark Antony
Come down upon us with a mighty power,
Bending their expeditions towards Philippi.
1. Who does Brutus speak to in the first line of the extract? Why does he not want the person to speak of the topic anymore? What is the topic of conversation that is upsetting to Brutus?
Answer: Brutus speaks to Messala, asking him not to speak further about a particular topic because it involves the upsetting news of Portia’s death, which Brutus finds distressing.
2. Whose thought is Brutus trying to wave off? What philosophy of his is he trying to use in the extract?
Answer: Brutus is trying to wave off thoughts of grief and personal loss, using his Stoic philosophy to maintain focus on their military objectives and not be overwhelmed by personal emotions.
3. Who is Messala? What piece of information does Messala give after the extract?
Answer: Messala is a messenger and ally of Brutus and Cassius. After the extract, Messala brings news of the approaching army of Octavius and Mark Antony and reports on the execution of senators by their opponents.
4. How does Brutus plan to meet his enemy? What does Cassius advice Brutus contrary to his plan?
Answer: Brutus plans to take a proactive approach by marching to Philippi to confront Octavius and Mark Antony directly. Cassius advises against this, suggesting it would be wiser to let their enemies come to them, arguing that waiting would tire the enemy and conserve their own resources.
5. How did Cassius prove himself to be ‘a better soldier’ than Brutus in his advice?
Answer: Cassius proves himself to be a better soldier through his advice by advocating for a strategic approach that considers the logistics of warfare, such as conserving energy and resources, and using the terrain and timing to their advantage, displaying a deeper understanding of military strategy compared to Brutus’s more impulsive decision.
QUESTION 6
BRUTUS- There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune,
Omitted all the voyage of their life
Is bound in shallows and in miseries
1. What instructions are being given before the extract and to whom?
Answer: Before the extract, Brutus and Cassius are discussing their military strategy, with Brutus giving instructions about the need to act decisively and quickly to Cassius and their allies, advocating for marching to Philippi to face their enemies.
2. Explain the lines: “There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.”
Answer: The lines mean that there are pivotal moments in life that, if seized, can lead to great success. These moments are like tides that, when caught at their peak, can carry one towards their desired destiny.
3. How does Brutus compare the voyage of life to the voyage at sea?
Answer: Brutus compares the voyage of life to the voyage at sea by suggesting that just as sailors must navigate tides to reach their destination successfully, individuals must seize opportunities at the right moment to achieve success in life.
4. Was Brutus justified in taking advantage of the ‘tide’ in his life? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer: Brutus was justified from his perspective, believing that taking decisive action during a crucial moment could lead to victory. His argument is based on the belief that fortune favors the bold and that indecision or delay could result in missed opportunities.
5. What does Brutus propose to do after the extract? Who does he call for and why?
Answer: After the extract, Brutus proposes that they immediately march to Philippi to confront their enemies head-on. He calls for his officers and messengers to organize their forces and communicate this plan, demonstrating his commitment to action and readiness to seize the moment.
QUESTION 7
BRUTUS-How ill this Taper burns!
Ha who comes here?
I think it I’d the weakness of mine eyes
That shapes this monstrous apparition
1. Describe the setting of the scene. What does Brutus see that makes his blood turn cold?
Answer: The setting is in Brutus’s tent at night, with a poorly burning taper illuminating the space. Brutus sees the apparition of Caesar’s ghost, which makes his blood turn cold due to its sudden and unexpected appearance.
2. What does the apparition tell Brutus? What effect does the apparition have on Brutus? How would you have felt had you been in place of Brutus?
Answer: The apparition tells Brutus that he will see him at Philippi, indicating a foreboding of Brutus’s impending doom. This sighting deeply unsettles Brutus, making him question his fate and the consequences of his actions. Had I been in Brutus’s place, I would have felt terrified and haunted by guilt and foreboding.
3. What is the significance of the words of the apparition in the play?
Answer: The words of the apparition signify the inescapable consequences of Brutus’s actions and the looming defeat and death that await him, symbolizing the idea that one cannot escape the repercussions of their deeds.4. The question of whether the apparition was real or a figment of Brutus’s imagination is open to interpretation. Given the stress and guilt Brutus was under, it could be seen as a manifestation of his conscience and fears. However, the dramatic effect suggests it could also serve as a supernatural warning of his doomed fate.
4. Was the apparition real or a figment of Brutus’ imagination? Give reasons to justify your answer.
Answer: Whether the apparition was real or a figment of Brutus’s imagination is open to interpretation and can be justified either way. It could be argued that the ghost was a manifestation of Brutus’s guilt and inner turmoil, a psychological projection of his conscience struggling with the moral weight of his deeds. Alternatively, the apparition could be viewed as a real supernatural occurrence, a common element in Shakespeare’s plays to signify important turning points or convey messages from the beyond. The ambiguity adds depth to the play, allowing for different interpretations of Brutus’s character and the themes of guilt, fate, and the supernatural.
5. When does the apparition appear to Brutus again? To whom did Brutus tell this to, later in the play?
Answer: The apparition does not specify when it will appear to Brutus again within this excerpt. However, it implies a foreboding encounter at the battle of Philippi. The text does not detail whom Brutus shares this experience with later, but it underlines his troubled state of mind and the ominous nature of the ghost’s message, hinting at the tragic events to unfold.
Morning Star Workbook Solutions
Multiple Choice Questions II
1. According to Cassius, how has Brutus done wrong to him?
(a) By calling him a trusthworthy of Caesar
(b) By condemning Lucius Pela for taking bribes
(c) By brushing aside his letters in defence of Lucius Pela
(d) Both (b) and (c).
Answer: (d) Both (b) and (c).
2. Why does Brutus remind Cassius of the month of March?
(a) To remind him of his cruelty
(b) To remind him that Caesar was murdered for the sake of justice
(c) To remind him of the similar fate awaiting him
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b) To remind him that Caesar was murdered for the sake of justice
3. What does Brutus say he would like to be rather than be a Roman with a low character?
(a) An ass
(b) A horse
(c) A dog
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) A dog
4. With whom has Brutus compared Cassius’ irritable mood?
(a) A wasp
(b) A snake
(c) A dog
(d) A lion
Answer: (a) A wasp
5 In which trait does Cassius say he is better than Brutus?
(a) Soldier
(b) Orator
(c) Planner
(d) Organiser
Answer: (a) Soldier
6. Why does Brutus ask Cassius for certain sum of money?
(a) He cannot ask anybody else
(b) He cannot take it from Caesar’s legacy
(c) He cannot raise it himself by foul means
(d) All of the above
Answer: (c) He cannot raise it himself by foul means
7. What would Brutus do to raise money rather than using foul means?
(a) Convert his property into money
(b) Convert his enemies into his friends
(c) Convert his heart into pieces of money
(d) None of the above.
Answer: (c) Convert his heart into pieces of money
8. Who would overlook a friend’s fault, according to Brutus?
(a) A selfish man
(b) A flatter’s eye
(c) An arrogant man
(d) An evil man
Answer: (b) A flatter’s eye
9. With whom has Brutus compared his gentle nature?
(a) A goat
(b) A mule
(c) Alamb
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) A lamb
10. How does Brutus carry anger within his nature?
(a) As a flint carries fire
(b) As a drop of water
(c) As a match stick
(d) As a wick of a candle
Answer: (a) As a flint carries fire
11. What reason does Brutus give for his anger?
(a) Hig misfortune
(b) His grief
(c) His failures
(d) None of the above
Answer: (a) His misfortune.
12. How did Portia die?
(a) By jumping from Mount Olympus
(b) BY drowning in the sea
(c) By swallowing poison
(d) By swallowing burning coals
Answer: (d) By swallowing burning coals
13. What was Brutus’ fear in waiting for the enemy at Sardis?
(a) Local population would attack them
(b) Local population would join the enemy
(c) The enemy would approach them from other side
(d) All of the above.
Answer: (b) Local population would join the enemy
14. Messala brings the news of killing of which of the following senators by Antony and Octavius?
(a) Lecilius
(b) Titinus
(c) Cicero
(d) Cassius
Answer: (c) Cicero.
15. What does the ghost of Caesar stand for?
(a) Spirit of Caesar, restless for revenge
(b) Spirit of Caesar, restless for saving Roman Republic
(c) Spirit of Caesar, restless for being betrayed by Brutus
(d) None of the above.
Answer: (a) Spirit of Caesar, restless for revenge.
Context Questions II
1.Brutus
You wrongd yourself to write in such a case.
Cassius
In such a time as this it is not meet
That every nice offence should bear his comment.
Brutus
Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself. . .
(i) Where are Brutus and Cassius at this time? State briefly what charge Brutus lays against Cassius.
Answer: Brutus and Cassius are in Brutus’s tent, where they are arguing. Brutus accuses Cassius of having “an itching palm,” suggesting that Cassius is greedy and has been accepting bribes, selling positions of power to undeserving men.
(ii) What had Cassius just complained of, to make Brutus say, “You wronged yourself”? Explain the meaning of Brutus’ words
Answer: Cassius had just complained that Brutus condemned Lucius Pella for taking bribes despite Cassius’s letters defending him. Brutus’s words, “You wronged yourself,” imply that Cassius harmed his own reputation by trying to protect someone guilty of corruption
(iii) What advice is Cassius giving Brutus in this extract? Do you think that Cassius was being practical?
Answer: Cassius advises Brutus not to be too harsh in criticizing every minor offense, implying that in times of war, certain indiscretions should be overlooked. Cassius’s advice is practical, as excessive criticism could weaken their alliance during a critical time.
(iv) What did Brutus accuse Cassius of when he said, “Let me tell you yourself…” ? How did Cassius react to this?
Answer: Brutus accuses Cassius of being corrupt, specifically of selling offices for gold. Cassius reacts angrily, denying the accusation and threatening Brutus, indicating how deeply hurt he is by Brutus’s words.
(v) In the argument which continues between these two, Brutus accuses Cassius of other faults. Point out two of these faults, and say how Cassius reacted to these accusations. Do you think Brutus was being fair to Cassius?
Answer: Brutus accuses Cassius of denying him money to pay his troops and of being overly emotional. Cassius reacts with frustration and despair, even offering Brutus his dagger to kill him, showing how deeply these accusations hurt him. Brutus might be seen as being overly harsh, given the pressures they are both under, but his concerns about integrity could justify his strong words.
2.Brutus
The name of Cassius honours this corruption,
And chastisement doth therefore hide his head.
Cassius
Chastisement!
Brutus
Remember March, the ides of March remember:
Did not great Julius bleed for justice’ sake?
What villian touch’d his body, that did stab,
And not for justice? What, shall one of us. . .
(i) What sort of corruption is referred to in the extract? What has been the reaction of Cassius, just before this extract, to this accusation?
Answer: In this extract, the corruption referred to by Brutus involves the accusation that Cassius has been involved in bribery and selling positions of power for gold, which Brutus condemns as dishonourable. Just before this extract, Cassius reacts angrily to Brutus’s accusation, vehemently denying that he has an “itching palm” and expressing indignation that Brutus would accuse him of such behaviour.
(ii) What does the ides of March signify to them? For which purpose did Brutus say that Julius bled “for justice sake”?
Answer: The ides of March, specifically the Ides of March, signifies the assassination of Julius Caesar, which Brutus and the other conspirators justified as an act done for the sake of justice. Brutus recalls this to remind Cassius that they killed Caesar to rid Rome of tyranny and corruption, implying that they should not now engage in corrupt practices themselves.
(iii) Give two examples from this scene to indicate that Brutus was really angry with Cassius.
Answer: Brutus’s anger is evident when he accuses Cassius of having an “itching palm” and condemning him for corrupt practices, implying that Cassius has dishonoured himself and their cause by taking bribes.
Another indication of Brutus’s anger is when he sharply rebukes Cassius, saying that he would rather be a dog than lower himself to such corrupt acts as selling their honour for money, demonstrating his deep disapproval and frustration.
(iv) Explain briefly the bitter irony involved in the quarrel over money between Brutus and Cassius.
Answer: The bitter irony in their quarrel over money lies in the fact that Brutus, who prides himself on his moral integrity and disdain for wealth, is forced to ask Cassius for funds to pay his soldiers. Cassius, who has been accused of corruption and greed, denies Brutus the gold, leading to an argument. This situation highlights the moral and practical contradictions between their ideals and the harsh realities they face.
(v) State briefly how the disagreement between Cassius and Brutus was resolved.
Answer: The disagreement between Cassius and Brutus is resolved when they both acknowledge their emotional outbursts and reconcile. Brutus expresses regret for his harsh words, and Cassius offers his dagger to Brutus, asking him to kill him if he truly believes Cassius is dishonorable. Brutus declines and they embrace, reaffirming their friendship and unity before preparing for their next battle.
3.Brutus
By the gods,
You shall digest the venom of your spleen,
Though it do split you; for, from this day forth,
I’ll use you for my mirth, yea, for my laughter,
When you are waspish.
Cassius
Is it come to this?
Brutus
You say you are a better soldier:
Let it appear so; make your vaunting true,
And it shall please me well. For mine own part,
I shall be glad to learn of noble men.
(i) Give the meaning of: “You shall digest the venom of your spleen,/ Though it do split you.” What does Brutus say he will use Cassius for?
Answer: The phrase “You shall digest the venom of your spleen, / Though it do split you” means that Cassius will have to endure and swallow his anger and bitterness, even if it causes him great distress. Brutus is telling Cassius that he will have to manage his rage internally, no matter how much it hurts. Brutus then says he will use Cassius for his amusement, specifically for laughter, whenever Cassius gets angry or irritable.
(ii) Give two examples of the taunts which Brutus had indulged in earlier which makes Cassius say, “Is it come to this”? (Do not use the material used for answering question (i) above.)
Answer: Two examples of Brutus’s taunts are:
- Brutus accuses Cassius of having an “itching palm,” implying that Cassius is greedy and takes bribes: “Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself / Are much condemned to have an itching palm.”
- Brutus dismisses Cassius’s claim of being a better soldier by saying, “You say you are a better soldier: / Let it appear so; make your vaunting true.” This challenges Cassius to prove his worth.
(iii) Under what conditions had Cassius made the statement that he was a better soldier than Brutus? How accurate is Cassius’ assessment of himself as a soldier? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer: Cassius made the statement that he was a better soldier than Brutus during their argument in which he felt insulted and belittled by Brutus. Cassius was trying to assert his superiority in military experience and skill. However, Cassius’s assessment of himself as a better soldier is debatable. While he may have more experience, his judgment is often clouded by his emotions, and he tends to act impulsively, as seen in his willingness to confront Brutus angrily rather than rationally discussing their strategies. Brutus, on the other hand, is more measured and thoughtful, which can be seen as a strength in leadership and strategy.
(iv) What is meant by “vaunting”? How could Cassius prove his vaunting at this point of time?
Answer: “Vaunting” means boasting or bragging. Cassius could prove his vaunting by demonstrating his military prowess and strategic abilities, thereby validating his claim of being a superior soldier. At this point, he could do this by leading effectively in battle and making sound tactical decisions that would lead to victory.
(v) While Brutus and Cassius are arguing, a strange visitor enters the scene. Who is he? What is the purpose of his visit? How does Brutus react to his arrival.
Answer: The strange visitor who enters the scene is the Ghost of Caesar. The purpose of his visit is to forewarn Brutus that he will see him again at Philippi, which implies Brutus’s impending doom. Brutus reacts with a mix of fear and determination, acknowledging the ghost’s message but trying to maintain his composure. He is disturbed by the encounter, but he does not allow it to deter him from his plans.
4.Cassius
There is my dagger,
And here my naked breast; within, a heart
Dearer than Pluto’s mine, richer than gold:
If that thou be’st a Roman, take it forth.
I, that denied thee gold, will give my heart:
Strike, as thou didst at Caesar; for, I know,
When thou didst hate him worst, thou lov’dst him better
Than ever thou lov’dst Cassius.
(i) In what state is Cassius? Why is his heart richer than gold?
Answer: Cassius is in a state of deep emotional turmoil and desperation. He feels betrayed and rejected by Brutus, whom he loves and respects. His heart is described as “richer than gold” because it is full of loyalty, love, and sincerity. Cassius values these emotional qualities more than material wealth, which is why he metaphorically offers his heart as something more valuable than Pluto’s mine.
(ii) Who is Pluto? Why is Cassius’ heart compared to Pluto’s mine?
Answer: Pluto is the Roman god of the underworld and wealth, particularly associated with the riches found underground, such as precious metals and minerals. Cassius compares his heart to Pluto’s mine to emphasize that the love and loyalty he offers are more precious than material wealth, symbolizing the deep value he places on his bond with Brutus.
(iii) When did Cassius deny gold to Brutus? Why did the latter need the gold? What explanation did Cassius give for not giving the gold?
Answer: Cassius denied Brutus gold when Brutus requested it to pay his legions. Brutus needed the gold to finance their army in the ongoing civil war. Cassius initially denied the request, which deeply offended Brutus. Cassius later suggests that the denial was a misunderstanding, possibly due to a mistake made by the messenger, and he laments that his actions have hurt Brutus.
(iv) What reply does Brutus give to Cassius after this extract?
Answer: After this extract, Brutus tells Cassius to sheathe his dagger and tries to calm him down. He acknowledges that their anger and arguments have gone too far and offers his hand in reconciliation, indicating his willingness to move past their quarrel. Brutus assures Cassius that he holds no lasting grudge, comparing his own temper to a flint that quickly cools after sparking.
(v) What is the dramatic importance of this dialogue? In what way does it influence the subsequent course of action in the play?
Answer: This dialogue is crucial because it exposes the deep rift and tension between Brutus and Cassius, two of the leading conspirators against Caesar. Their quarrel reveals their vulnerabilities and foreshadows the eventual downfall of their alliance. Despite their reconciliation, the scene hints at the instability and impending doom of their cause. This moment of emotional conflict and resolution strengthens their bond temporarily but also highlights the fragility of their unity, which plays a role in the tragic outcomes that follow in the play.
5.Cassius
Portia, art thou gone?
Brutus
No more, I pray you.
Messala, I have here received letters,
That young Octavius and Mark Antony
Come down upon us with a mighty power,
Bending their expedition towards Philippi.
Messala
Myself have letters of the self-same tenor.
(i) Where has Portia gone? Why is Brutus so abrupt as to wave aside the though of Portia? What does it show us of his nature?
Answer: Portia has died, having taken her own life by swallowing fire. Brutus is abrupt in dismissing thoughts of her because he is deeply troubled by her death but feels compelled to suppress his grief in the face of the pressing military and political challenges he faces. This shows Brutus as a stoic character who prioritizes duty and reason over personal emotions, reflecting his strong sense of responsibility and his attempt to maintain composure despite personal tragedy.
(ii) Who is Messala? What is the “self-same tenor” of which Messala speaks?
Answer: Messala is a supporter and messenger of Brutus and Cassius. The “self-same tenor” refers to the content of the letters both Brutus and Messala received, which report that Octavius and Mark Antony are advancing towards Philippi with a mighty force.
(iii) What other news does Messala give just after this extract?
Answer: Just after this extract, Messala informs Brutus that Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus have put to death a large number of senators, with the number varying between the reports Brutus and Messala received. Brutus’s letter mentions seventy senators, while Messala’s letter indicates a hundred senators, including Cicero.
(iv) What does Brutus come to know (from the letters he received) about octavius and Antony? Where does Brutus plan to meet the enemy?
Answer: Brutus learns from the letters that Octavius and Antony are marching towards Philippi with a considerable force. Brutus decides to march and meet the enemy at Philippi.
(v) How strong had Octavius and Antony made themselves ? What was the fate of Cicero ?
Answer: Octavius and Antony had strengthened their position by raising a large army and executing senators they deemed as threats, including Cicero. Cicero was killed as part of their proscription, marking the extent of their consolidation of power.
6.Brutus
You must note beside,
That we have tried the utmost of our friends.
Our legions are brim-full, our cause is ripe.
The enemy increaseth every day;
We, at the height, are ready to decline.
There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;
Omitted, all the voyage of their life
Is bound in shallows and in miseries.
(i) To whom is Brutus giving the arguments in the extract? What is meant by “Our legions are brim-full, our cause is ripe”?
Answer: Brutus is giving the arguments to Cassius. The phrase “Our legions are brim-full, our cause is ripe” means that their army is at full strength, and the timing is perfect for them to take action against their enemies. Brutus is indicating that they have the maximum support and that the momentum is on their side.
(ii) Give two arguments of Brutus to indicate that his military strength is in an advantageous position.
Answer: Brutus argues that their legions are “brim-full,” meaning that they have the full complement of troops and resources, suggesting a position of strength.
He also states that “our cause is ripe,” implying that the timing is perfect for action, and they should capitalize on this advantageous moment before the situation deteriorates.
(iii) Brutus says, “The enemy increaseth every day.” State how it increases every day.
Answer: Brutus is concerned that the enemy’s forces are growing daily because, as they march, they gain new supporters and resources from the regions they pass through. This increasing strength of the enemy poses a greater threat if they do not act quickly.
(iv) “There is a tide in the affairs of men” What comparison is made between the voyage of life and the voyage on sea?
Answer: Brutus compares the course of life to the ebb and flow of tides in the sea. He suggests that, like a tide, there are moments in life that, if seized, can lead to great success (“leads on to fortune”). However, if missed, they can result in failure and regret, leaving one stuck in difficulties and misfortunes (“bound in shallows and in miseries”).
(v) According to Brutus, “On such a full sea are we now afloat.” How is this statement valid?
Answer: Brutus believes that they are currently at the peak of their opportunity (“on such a full sea”). This is valid because their forces are at full strength, and their cause is just, making it the ideal moment to act. He is urging that they must move forward now while they are in this favorable position or risk losing everything.
7.Brutus
How ill this taper burns—Ha! who comes here?
I think it is the weakness of mine eyes
That shapes this monstrous apparition.
It comes upon me. Art thou any thing?
Art thou some god, some angel, or some devil,
That mak’st my blood cold, and my hair to stare?
Speak to me what thou art.
(i) To whom does Brutus speak in the extract? What is the setting of the scene during this time?
Answer: Brutus speaks to the Ghost of Caesar in the extract. The setting of the scene is at night in Brutus’s tent, where he is alone after the departure of his companions. The atmosphere is eerie, and Brutus has just seen the ghost, which appears to him by the light of a flickering taper.
(ii) What is the “apparition” referred to in the extract? Why is it said to be “monstrous”?
Answer: The “apparition” referred to in the extract is the Ghost of Caesar. It is said to be “monstrous” because Brutus is shocked and terrified by the sudden appearance of the ghost, which he perceives as a supernatural and ominous figure. The ghost represents his guilt and the haunting consequences of his actions in participating in Caesar’s assassination.
(iii) What does Brutus wonder about the apparition? What is the effect of the apparition on Brutus?
Answer: Brutus wonders whether the apparition is a god, an angel, or a devil, reflecting his confusion and fear. The effect of the apparition on Brutus is profound; it makes his blood run cold and his hair stand on end, indicating that he is deeply unsettled and frightened by the ghost’s presence.
(iv) What does the apparition say to Brutus? What is the significance of what the apparition says to Brutus?
Answer: The apparition tells Brutus, “Thy evil spirit, Brutus,” and warns him that they will meet again at Philippi. The significance of this is that it foreshadows Brutus’s downfall and death at the Battle of Philippi. The ghost’s message serves as a harbinger of Brutus’s fate and the retribution for his role in Caesar’s assassination.
(v) Who else was present at the scene? Did they see the apparition? State whether the apparition was the product of Brutus’ imagination. Give a reason to justify your answer.
Answer: Varro and Claudius, Brutus’s servants, were present at the scene, but they did not see the apparition. The apparition was likely a product of Brutus’s imagination, as no one else could see or hear it. This suggests that the ghost was a manifestation of Brutus’s guilty conscience and inner turmoil rather than a real, physical entity.
Extras
Multiple Choice Questions III
1. What does Brutus accuse Cassius of having?
A. A noble heart
B. A generous spirit
C. An itching palm
D. A fearful conscience
Answer: C. An itching palm
15. What does Brutus say about the future when discussing with Cassius?
A. It is unpredictable
B. It is filled with hope
C. It must be seized
D. It should be feared
Answer: C. It must be seized
Questions and Answers III
1.Cassius
You wronged yourself to write in such a case.
Brutus
In such a time as this it is not meet
That every nice offense should bear his comment.
i. Where are Brutus and Cassius at this moment?
Answer: They are in Brutus’s tent, discussing the issues they have with each other.
ii. What accusation does Brutus make against Cassius?
Answer: Brutus accuses Cassius of having an “itching palm,” implying he is greedy and has accepted bribes.
iii. How does Cassius respond to Brutus’s accusation?
Answer: Cassius is offended and insists that Brutus is wrong to accuse him of such behavior.
iv. What does Brutus mean by “every nice offense should bear his comment”?
Answer: He means that not every small mistake should be criticized, especially in such crucial times.
v. Why does Cassius feel that they should not argue in “such a time”?
Answer: Cassius believes that unity is crucial for their survival and success against their enemies.
11.Cassius
Brutus, I do not like your faults.
i. What faults does Cassius point out in Brutus?
Answer: Cassius criticizes Brutus for being too rigid and harsh in his judgments.
ii. How does Brutus respond to Cassius’s criticism?
Answer: Brutus defends his actions, insisting that his decisions are based on principle and integrity.
iii. What does this exchange reveal about the differences between Brutus and Cassius?
Answer: It reveals their differing approaches: Brutus prioritizes moral integrity, while Cassius is more pragmatic.
iv. How does Cassius try to justify his own actions?
Answer: Cassius argues that certain compromises are necessary in times of war, and that Brutus’s strictness is impractical.
v. How does this disagreement foreshadow future events in the play?
Answer: It foreshadows the challenges they will face due to their differing philosophies, potentially leading to their downfall.
Ron’e Dutta is a journalist, teacher, aspiring novelist, and blogger who manages Online Free Notes. An avid reader of Victorian literature, his favourite book is Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë. He dreams of travelling the world. You can connect with him on social media. He does personal writing on ronism.
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