Get summaries, questions, answers, solutions, extra MCQs, PDF for chapter 6 Mental Health and Hygiene: NBSE Class 12 Education, which is part of the syllabus for students studying under NBSE (Nagaland Board). These solutions, however, should only be treated as references and can be modified/changed.
Summary
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being. Mental health is a part of this overall health and refers to the health of the mind. It is a state of emotional and behavioral balance. It means having a personality that functions in a full and harmonious way. A person with good mental health can realize their own abilities, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively, and make a contribution to their community.
Mental health is the state of well-being we want to achieve. Mental hygiene is the process we use to maintain that state. Just as we keep our bodies clean to prevent physical illness, mental hygiene involves practices that prevent mental illness and promote good mental health. These practices can include things like therapy, meditation, or getting support from family. It is the science of keeping the mind healthy.
A mentally healthy person often shows certain qualities. Resilience is the ability to bounce back from adversity. Balance is also needed in life, such as between time spent with others and time spent alone, or between work and play. Flexibility in thinking and feeling allows a person to adapt to change. The stories we tell ourselves about life, which are like metaphors, also shape our feelings. For example, seeing life as an exciting journey rather than a hard battle can help us enjoy it more.
Sometimes, a person may experience maladjustment. This is a feeling of disharmony with one’s environment, where a person’s needs are not being met. It can be caused by many factors. An unhealthy home environment, poverty, or stress at school can lead to maladjustment. A difficult school atmosphere, poor teaching, strict discipline, or a lack of guidance can also create emotional tension.
The home and school environments have a large effect on a child’s mental health. A supportive family provides security and encouragement. Schools also have a great responsibility to create a positive and safe atmosphere for learning. Teachers play a big part in building a student’s confidence. By providing a caring environment with opportunities for recreation and self-expression, both families and schools help children develop good mental health.
Textual
Very Short Answer Questions
1. Who would you call a maladjusted person?
Answer: A maladjusted person is an individual who has failed to adjust to the needs of self and the demands of the environment. This person experiences disharmony with their environment, feels that their needs are not fulfilled, and has failed to establish harmony with their self and the environment.
2. What do you understand by the term ‘health’?
Answer: I understand that the term ‘health’ refers to a state of physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being of the individual.
3. Give any four signs of poor mental health.
Answer: Four signs of poor mental health are:
- Haphazard and disorganised daily life routine
- Short-tempered and irritating behaviour
- Anger and aggressive behaviour
- Restlessness
4. Explain the relationship between mental health and mental hygiene.
Answer: The term mental hygiene is closely related to mental health. Mental health is the condition of having a mind that is “healthy” and functioning “well,” which is the goal we are trying to achieve. Mental hygiene is the process of working to maintain mental health; it is the means by which we seek that goal.
5. List the things in which mental health plays a vital role.
Answer: Mental health plays a vital role in the following:
- Development of Desirable Personality
- Proper Emotional Development
- Proper Social Development
- Proper Moral Development
- Proper Aesthetic Development
- Seeking Proper Adjustment
- Seeking Goals of Life
- Progress of the Society
- Prevention of Mental Illness
Short Answer Questions
1. Mention four characteristics of mental health.
Answer: Four characteristics of mental health are:
- Nothing is called perfect mental health: No person is there with perfect mental health rather it is optimum mental health.
- Mental health is a dynamic concept: Mental health denotes a state of balance or equilibrium of our mind, this balance is not static, it is quite dynamic.
- Mental health can’t be achieved without physical health: For achieving an optimal level of mental health one has to first acquire adequate physical health.
- Mental health and efficiency are not the same thing: One may be quite efficient and successful at his work or profession but he could be most unhappy, full of anxiety, etc.
2. Describe the indicators of poor mental health.
Answer: The main behaviours which indicate poor mental health are as follows:
- Haphazard and disorganised daily life routine
- Short-tempered and irritating behaviour
- Anger and aggressive behaviour
- Restlessness
- Increased or poor appetite and indigestion
- Irregular sleeping pattern such as insomnia, disturbed sleep, or narcolepsy (excess sleep)
- Poor interpersonal relationships
- Anxiety and worry
- Negative attitude toward self and others
- Withdrawing from relationships
- Irregular and abnormal physiological conditions (e.g., blood pressure, heart palpitation, and pulse rate)
- Excessive use of drugs (e.g., alcohol, tranquillizers, and hallucinogens)
- Cigarette smoking and use of tobacco in other forms
3. Describe the concept of maladjustment.
Answer: Maladjustment literally means ‘faulty’ or ‘unsatisfactory’ adjustment in the process by which a living organism maintains a balance between its needs and the circumstances that influence the satisfaction of these needs. Maladjustment refers to disharmony between the person and his/her environment. Contrary to adjustment, maladjustment represents a condition or a state in which one feels that one’s needs are not fulfilled and he/she has been a failure in establishing harmony with his/her self and the environment.
4. Explain the causes of maladjustment.
Answer: The causes of one’s maladjustment to his/her self and the environment may be both personal as well as environmental. The causes are as follows:
- Unhealthy home environment: This includes separated family, divorced family, step parent, drunkard or drug addicted parents, single parenting, and low moral and social standard of family.
- Heredity Causes: One may feel inferior because of inherited defective mental set up, physiological structure, or colour of the skin (dark) which could lead to maladjustment.
- Poverty: When poor children meet rich children in school, they sometimes develop jealousy, worries, and inferiority complex which lead to emotional disturbance.
- Environmental Causes: The forces of the environment, such as defective nourishment available to the child in the womb or an uncongenial or adverse physical environment, can lead to maladjustment.
- Faulty Method of Teaching: A faulty method of teaching does not motivate students, making the lesson dull and creating emotional tension which leads to mental illness.
- Strict Discipline: Some traditional schools impose strict discipline where students are always suffering from fear and worry.
- Lack of Equipment (facility): Overcrowded classes and poor facilities like a lack of furniture and proper equipment lead to frustration and mental tension.
- Lack of Guidance and Counselling: Mastery over content without caring for the interest of students causes maladjustment, leading to students becoming confused, frustrated, and maladjusted.
- Lack of Recreational Facilities: Children who do not get facilities after class in the forms of play, library, debates, discussion, or puzzles may have adjustment problems.
- Mass Media: If a child witnesses films which depict low sexuality and violence, it may lead to maladjustment.
- Social laws and bindings: Social laws, legal bindings, and restrictions imposed by parents, teachers, and other groups are common sources of frustrations and maladjustment.
- Bad company/Neighbourhood: Youngsters may develop delinquencies because patterns of behaviour like lying, stealing, and obscene talk are seen in their neighbourhood.
5. If I am being treated for a mental illness, what can I do to help myself?
Answer: If I am being treated for a mental illness, I can help myself by engaging in mental hygiene, which is the process of working to maintain mental health. This involves less clinical actions such as learning to meditate or reaching out for family support. I can also practice yoga and stress management courses.
I can also observe certain behaviours which promote and sustain good health. These include:
- Right food (Ahara): Eating fresh fruits and vegetables with enough fiber content and avoiding oily, spicy, junk, and processed food.
- Right recreation (Vihara): Doing exercise and morning walks to make the body light and strong.
- Right routine (Achara): Taking food and doing activities according to the seasons and time of day.
- Right thinking (Vichara): Maintaining sound and positive mental health through right kind of thinking, which includes self-satisfaction, ability to accept criticism, and understanding the emotional needs of others.
6. When I compare my mental health coverage to my physical health coverage, what should I look for?
Answer: Based on the principle that mental health is an essential component of overall health, when comparing mental health coverage to physical health coverage, I should look for parity and comprehensiveness. This means ensuring that the benefits for mental health are comparable to those for physical health.
Specifically, I should look for the following:
- Coverage for Professionals: The plan should cover services from a range of mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, and counsellors, just as it covers visits to general physicians and specialists for physical ailments.
- Types of Treatment: I should check if the plan covers different forms of treatment mentioned, such as psychotherapy, guidance and counselling, and specific therapies like cognitive behavioural therapy. It is also important to verify coverage for prescribed medications used to treat mental health conditions.
- Inpatient and Outpatient Care: For serious conditions like psychosis or severe depression, I should check if the plan covers both outpatient visits and more intensive care, such as hospitalization or residential treatment, similar to how it would cover a hospital stay for a physical illness.
- Preventive Services: Since mental hygiene involves prevention, I should see if the plan offers benefits for preventive measures like stress management programs, wellness check-ins, or other services that promote good mental health.
- Financial Equality: The financial requirements, such as co-payments, deductibles, and limits on the number of visits, should be the same for both mental and physical health services. There should not be separate, higher costs for mental healthcare.
- Covered Conditions: I should review the list of mental health conditions the plan covers to ensure it is broad and includes common issues like anxiety and depression as well as more complex disorders.
7. What is the two major problems for formulation of general principles of mental hygiene?
Answer: The text suggests two major problems for the formulation of general principles of mental hygiene. First, there is no widely-accepted definition of what constitutes “mental health.” In practical terms, the definition used by most of the medical community is the absence of any diagnosable mental disorder, but there is considerable discussion among psychologists and psychiatrists as to the adequacy of this definition.
Second, while many alternative proposals for defining mental health have been made, such as a condition of overall well-being, having rational beliefs, or a proper balance of neurotransmitters, none of these have gained wide acceptance, and all of them seem to have important exceptions. This lack of a clear and accepted foundational concept makes it difficult to formulate general principles.
8. What is meant by maladjustment? Mention the signs of maladjustment.
Answer: Maladjustment literally means ‘faulty’ or ‘unsatisfactory’ adjustment. It refers to disharmony between the person and his/her environment. It represents a condition or a state in which one feels that one’s needs are not fulfilled and he/she has been a failure in establishing harmony with his/her self and the environment.
The signs of maladjustment are:
- Nervous disorders
- Habit disorders
- Behavioural disorders
- Organic disorders
- Psychotic disorders
- Educational and vocational difficulties
9. What are the main causes of maladjustment? List some preventive measures for maladjustment.
Answer: The main causes of maladjustment can be personal as well as environmental. They include unhealthy home environments, heredity causes, poverty, adverse environmental causes, faulty methods of teaching, strict discipline, lack of equipment in schools, lack of guidance and counselling, lack of recreational facilities, negative influence of mass media, restrictive social laws, and bad company or neighbourhood.
Some preventive measures for maladjustment are as follows:
- Proper Encouragement: Parents and teachers should speak daily with the child about his/her daily activities so the child can begin to learn the principles of socialisation.
- Proper Appreciation: Parents and teachers should directly praise the child for the good things he/she has done.
- Delegating Responsibility: Parents and teachers should assign some responsibility to the child, which should involve tasks the child perceives as real and important.
- Provision of Entertainment: Provide entertainment facilities like parks, sports clubs, amusement places, theaters, and museums to children and encourage the child to engage in playing with his/her peers.
- Pattern of Relaxation: The teacher should set a pattern of calmness. Yoga, meditation, and stress management courses play very important roles in preventing maladjustment.
- Timely Help: The teacher should help the child when he/she needs it and not only when he/she asks for it.
Long Answer Questions
1. What strategies can we adopt to maintain good mental health and hygiene?
Answer: To maintain good mental health and hygiene, one can adopt several basic strategies at mental and behavioural levels. These are as follows:
Reality Contact: It is important to have a realistic appraisal of one’s own reactions, emotions, and abilities. If you are in touch with reality you may be able to avoid a number of disappointments and frustrations in your daily life.
Impulse Control: A person with healthy adjustment would have good control over his/her behaviours and impulses. So in order to maintain good mental health it is necessary that you should be in complete control over your impulsive behaviours.
Self-Esteem: A sense of personal adequacy or positive self-concept is essential for mental health. Self-esteem is the evaluative component of self, and the personal evaluation of self could be either positive or negative.
Positive Thoughts: The quality of mental health depends on whether we direct our thoughts in a positive or negative manner. We need to develop the power of positive thinking which generates positive emotions such as love, joy, happiness, hope, compassion, empathy, and optimism. Such emotions strengthen our capacity to cope with various life challenges.
Additionally, Ayurveda, the science of Indian medicine, deals with four aspects of lifestyle which can ensure good health. These include:
- Right food (Ahara): Compared to non-vegetarian food, vegetarian food is safe and invigorating for a healthy body. One must eat fresh fruits and vegetables with enough fiber content. Oily, spicy, junk, and processed food should be avoided.
- Right recreation (Vihara): Doing exercise and morning walks are important. Exercise makes the body light and strong, increases immunity, resistance power, and capability to work. It also delays the ageing process and prevents impotence.
- Right routine (Achara): This involves taking food and doing activities as per seasonal demands (Ritucharya), and following a day routine (Dincharya) and night routine (Ratricharya).
- Right thinking (Vichara): Sound and positive mental health can only be maintained with right kind of thinking. A person who is mentally fit and healthy has self-satisfaction, accommodative intellect, ability to accept criticism, understanding of the emotional needs of others, and self-control.
2. Discuss the preventive measures of maladjustment.
Answer: The measures which prevent maladjustment are as follows:
- Proper Encouragement: Parents and teachers should speak daily with the child about his/her daily activities. So the child can begin to learn the principles of socialisation.
- Proper Appreciation: Parents and teachers should directly praise the child for the good things he/she has done.
- Delegating Responsibility: Parents and teachers should assign some responsibility to the child. This responsibility should evolve tasks which the child perceives as real and important.
- Provision of Entertainment: Provide entertainment facilities like parks, sports clubs, amusement places, theaters, and museums to children. We should encourage the child to engage in playing with his/her peers.
- Testing: In some instances, maladjusted children are eligible for special education services.
- Pattern of Relaxation: The teacher should set a pattern of calmness. Yoga, meditation, stress management courses, etc. play very important roles in preventing maladjustment.
- Informing Progress: The teacher should inform the child of the progress he/she is making.
- Timely Help: The teacher should help the child when he/she needs it and not only when he/she asks for it. If the teacher is wise enough to know when the child requires help, he/she may be able to help him/her avoid many traumatic failure experiences.
- Moral Education: Schools should provide value education through various methods. Self-confidence, co-operation, caring, and sharing are the values that can be inculcated through co-curricular programmes.
- Guidance and Counselling: If the teacher works as a guide and counsellor for parents and children, many of the negative situations can be turned into positive ones which are beneficial to students.
3. What is mental health? How we can differentiate it from mental illnesses?
Answer: Mental health stands for the health of the mind. According to Carter V. Good in the Dictionary of Education, it is “The wholesomeness of the mind”. The Longman dictionary of Psychology defines mental health as a state of mind characterised by emotional well-being relative to freedom from anxiety and disabling symptoms, and a capacity to establish construction relations and coping with ordinary demands and stress on life. According to Hadfield, “Mental health is the full and harmonious functioning of the whole personality”. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines it as “a state of well-being in which an individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stress of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community”.
Mental health can be differentiated from mental illness in practical terms. The definition of “mental health” used by most of the medical community is the absence of any diagnosable mental disorder. Mental hygiene, which is the process of maintaining mental health, is described by the Encyclopedia Britannica as “the science of maintaining mental health and preventing the development of psychosis, neurosis, or other mental disorders”. This shows a clear distinction where mental health is the desired state, and mental illness is the condition to be prevented.
4. What is mental health and hygiene?
Answer: Mental health stands for the health of the mind. It is one of the components of the broad concept of health and is concerned with an optimum level of emotional and behavioural adjustment of the individual. It is a state of maintaining harmony or balance between the needs, desires, aspirations, and attitudes of the individual with respect to the prevailing conditions in the external environment. Carter V. Good termed it as “The wholesomeness of the mind”. According to Hadfield, “Mental health is the full and harmonious functioning of the whole personality”.
Mental hygiene is closely related to mental health. The term hygiene is used to refer to keeping oneself and one’s living and working areas neat and clean in order to prevent illness and disease. When this concept is extended to the domain of mind, it stands for the art of developing, maintaining, and promoting necessary behavioural, emotional, and social skills to sustain good, effective, and efficient mental health. According to the American Psychiatric Association, “Mental hygiene consists of measures to reduce the incidence of mental illness through prevention and early treatment and to promote mental health”.
5. What are the main strategies to achieve the state of good mental hygiene?
Answer: Mental hygiene is the process of working to maintain mental health. It involves such things as psychotherapy, medication, and even less clinical actions such as learning to meditate or reaching out for family support.
The main strategies to achieve a state of good mental hygiene include following some basic strategies at mental and behavioural levels in one’s daily life. These are:
- Reality Contact: Having a realistic appraisal of one’s own reactions, emotions, and abilities to avoid disappointments and frustrations.
- Impulse Control: Having good control over one’s behaviours and impulses for healthy adjustment.
- Self-Esteem: Having a sense of personal adequacy and a positive self-concept.
- Positive Thoughts: Developing the power of positive thinking to generate positive emotions like love, joy, and hope, which strengthen the capacity to cope with life challenges.
Additionally, Ayurveda suggests four aspects of lifestyle for good health, which serve as strategies for mental hygiene:
- Right food (Ahara): Eating a balanced and healthy diet.
- Right recreation (Vihara): Engaging in regular exercise and morning walks.
- Right routine (Achara): Following a consistent daily and seasonal routine.
- Right thinking (Vichara): Maintaining a positive mindset with self-satisfaction, self-control, and an ability to accept criticism.
6. Differentiate mental health from mental hygiene.
Answer: Mental health is the condition of having a mind that is “healthy” and functioning “well”. In practical terms, the definition of “mental health” used by most of the medical community is the absence of any diagnosable mental disorder.
Mental hygiene is the process of working to maintain mental health. It involves such things as psychotherapy, medication, and even less clinical actions such as learning to meditate or reaching out for family support.
The key difference is that mental health is the goal we are trying to achieve, while mental hygiene is the means by which we seek that goal. For example, one of the most common mental health problems is depression; appropriate mental hygiene to treat depression might involve cognitive behavioural therapy.
7. Mention the factors for determining the mental health of a child.
Answer: The mental health of a child is subject to the influence of many determining factors. They are as follows:
Home Influence: The child’s health is profoundly influenced by the home. The factors which constitute its domestic influence are:
- Disorganisation of the Family: In families where both parents work outside the house, or in cases of alienation, separation, and divorce, the child’s mind is adversely influenced.
- Behaviour of the Parents: The child becomes maladjusted in an atmosphere where the behaviour of the parents towards the child is unpleasant, bitter, and insulting.
- Poverty: In schools, there is no dearth of children who cannot afford to wear the proper uniform.
- High Ideals: When parents confront their children with excessively high ideals without keeping in mind individual differences, and the children fail to fulfill those ambitions, their mental maladjustment increases because of frustration.
- Discipline at Home: In some homes, children enjoy totally unfettered liberty, while in others, they are severely beaten up for even a petty mistake, filling the child’s mind with fear and anxiety.
- Tension in the Family: The Indian family consists not only of the mother and father, but also uncles, aunts, cousins, grandparents, etc., and each one behaves in his/her own particular way towards the child, which can have an adverse influence.
Influence of the School: The school and its various elements influence the mental health of a child.
- The School Environment: A school environment marked by a sense of insecurity fills the child’s mind with external fear and anxiety. Schools infested with caste problems or religious issues also affect the child’s mind adversely.
- Behaviour of the Teacher: A teacher who behaves prejudicially, does not express sympathy uniformly, or imposes bodily punishment causes fear to take root in the children.
- Lack of Opportunity for Self-expression: In schools where children are given no opportunity for expressing their reactions, they repress the natural desire to express themselves, which has a destructive impact on their minds.
- Method of Examination: As a result of a poor system of examination, weak children may be promoted to higher classes beyond their mental level, with the result that they remain backward throughout their careers.
- Unsuitable Curriculum: An unsuitable curriculum cannot achieve the aims set by the educational structure, which results in tension.
- Maladjustment in the Classroom: The class itself may be responsible for mental disorders.
Social Influence: A child is subjected to adverse social factors which influence mental health.
- Internal Tensions: Caste conflicts and untouchability help generate mental tensions.
- Insecurity: Life has become so conflict-ridden in contemporary society that the individual feels a threat to his/her very existence at almost every moment.
- Lack of Freedom: The greater the control exerted on the child, the greater will be the mental tension. When denied avenues for expressing personality, the child is compelled to repress feelings and thoughts.
8. How does the school influence the mental health of a child? Explain.
Answer: The school has the greatest influence, after the home, in forming the child’s mental health. The school environment exerts a powerful influence upon the child’s mind, especially if it is marked by a sense of insecurity, as it fills the child’s mind with external fear and anxiety.
Several factors within the school influence a child’s mental health:
- The School Environment: Schools infested with caste problems or religious issues are usually battlefields for various antagonistic forces that affect the child’s mind adversely.
- Behaviour of the Teacher: The teacher has a pivotal role. A teacher who behaves prejudicially towards some children, does not express sympathy uniformly, or imposes bodily punishment, causes fear to take root in the neglected or punished children. This constant nagging fear ruins their mental health.
- Lack of Opportunity for Self-expression: In schools where children are given no opportunity for expressing their reactions, they repress the natural desire to express themselves only because of fear, and this repression has a destructive impact on their minds.
- Method of Examination: A poor system of examination can lead to weak children being promoted beyond their mental level, causing them to remain backward throughout their careers.
- Unsuitable Curriculum: An unsuitable curriculum that does not achieve educational aims can generate tension, which is transmitted to the children.
- Maladjustment in the Classroom: The class itself may be responsible for mental disorders. A mentally healthy child not only causes problems for the teacher but also has a baneful influence on his/her companions.
Every educational institution has a great responsibility for promoting mental health in students. In a healthy school atmosphere, children adopt discipline and other qualities. Every teacher has a responsibility for shaping and influencing the child’s attitudes. Wholesome personality development should be a fundamental educational objective. It is just as important to adjust the school to the child as it is to have the child adjusted to the school. Therefore, schools play an important role in mental health development.
Additional
Extra Questions and Answers
1. How does Carter V. Good define mental health?
Answer: Carter V. Good in the Dictionary of Education has termed mental health as The wholesomeness of the mind.
38. Explain the pivotal role of schools in cultivating mental health in students. What specific measures and changes in the school environment, curriculum, and teaching methods can be undertaken to fulfill this responsibility?
Answer: Every educational institution has a great responsibility of promoting mental health in students, especially in children. The school has the greatest influence, after the home, in forming the child’s mental health. The most important factor in the school is the atmosphere existing there; in a healthy atmosphere, children adopt discipline and other qualities of their own. Every teacher has a responsibility for shaping and influencing the child’s attitudes. The wholesome personality development of every child should be a fundamental educational objective. It is just as important to adjust the school to the child as it is to have the child adjusted to the school. Therefore, schools play an important role in mental health development.
To fulfill this responsibility, specific measures and changes can be undertaken in the school environment, curriculum, and teaching methods.
School Environment and Administration:
- The school environment plays an important role in the development of positive attitudes and the promotion of positive mental health. It should be a conducive environment for learning.
- The school should function on democratic lines. Democratic administration allows students to take decisions according to their own confidence and wish.
Teacher’s Role and Teaching Methods:
- The teacher’s role is to create confidence in students to face the realities of life, which will ultimately help promote their mental health.
- The duty of the teacher is to help the child develop a proper understanding of himself/herself and to minimise negative factors.
- Faulty methods of teaching that do not motivate students and create emotional tension must be avoided. Teaching should be engaging and motivating.
- Strict discipline that causes fear and worry should be replaced with a supportive approach. The teacher should set a pattern of calmness through practices like yoga and meditation.
- Teachers should provide timely help, inform students of their progress, and work as guides and counsellors for both students and parents.
Curriculum and Activities:
- An unsuitable curriculum that results in tension must be avoided. The curriculum should be designed to achieve educational aims without generating stress.
- The school should organise co-curricular activities in a manner that will stimulate and encourage the child to participate.
- Schools should provide for sex and moral education, as many problems of adolescents are concerned with sex and moral conflicts which cause mental disturbances.
- Adequate recreational facilities, such as a library, and opportunities for play, debates, and discussion, should be provided to prevent adjustment problems.
Extra MCQs: Knowledge-Based
1. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is a state of well-being where an individual can do which of the following?
A. Realise their own abilities and cope with normal life stress
B. Achieve perfect emotional balance at all times
C. Avoid all forms of environmental stress
D. Become more efficient than their peers
Answer: A. Realise their own abilities and cope with normal life stress
35. The school environment exerts a powerful influence on a child’s mind, especially if it is marked by a sense of __________.
A. competition
B. achievement
C. insecurity
D. freedom
Answer: C. insecurity
Extra MCQs: Competency-Based
36. Mental Health : Goal :: Mental Hygiene : __________
A. Process
B. Condition
C. Disorder
D. Outcome
Answer: A. Process
54. (I) Negative thoughts generate negative emotions such as anger, hate, and fear.
(II) Such negative emotions can harm the endocrine system.
A. I is the result of II.
B. II is a consequence of the process described in I.
C. I and II are unrelated statements.
D. II contradicts I.
Answer: B. II is a consequence of the process described in I.
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