Here, you will find summaries, questions, answers, textbook solutions, pdf, extras etc. of (Nagaland Board) NBSE Class 11 Education Chapter 10: Cultural Perspective of Education. These solutions, however, should be only treated as references and can be modified/changed.
Introduction
Culture and education are two sides of the same coin, each influencing and shaping the other in a continuous cycle. The cultural milieu of a society is shaped by various factors including its educational standards, religious beliefs, occupations, financial position, and geographical conditions. Education, in turn, is deeply influenced by the cultural context in which it is delivered.
Education serves as a conduit for the transmission of culture from one generation to the next. It is through education that the cultural heritage of a society is preserved and passed on. This includes the preservation of literature, art, music, sculpture, and other cultural artifacts. The curriculum taught in schools is a reflection of the cultural aspirations of the present generation, which they wish to be passed on to the future generations.
However, education also plays a crucial role in the development and evolution of culture. As societies evolve, they may recognize certain aspects of their culture that are detrimental or outdated. In such cases, education can serve as a tool for cultural development, bringing about necessary changes and fostering a spirit of inquiry among learners.
Socialisation, another crucial aspect of education, is the process through which individuals learn to live in society. It involves developing an awareness of others and learning to react appropriately to their gestures, words, and actions. Socialisation is instrumental in shaping an individual’s personality and preparing them to lead an accepted social life. It also provides individuals with the opportunity to develop their individuality according to their goals, aims, likings, and interests.
Video tutorial
Textual questions and answers
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is ‘Culture’?
Answer: Culture is a way of life. It is the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time.
2. What is socialisation?
Answer: Socialisation is the process of moulding a person into a social being.
3. What are the phases of socialisation?
Answer: The phases of socialisation are:
a. Primary Stage: This includes the Oral Stage (0-1 year) where the infant builds up definite expectations about feeding time and learns to signal for care, and the Anal Stage (1-4 years) which is concerned with toilet training of the child.
b. Secondary Stage: This includes the Oedipal Stage (4-Puberty Age) when a child becomes a member of the family as a whole.
4. Name the agencies of socialisation?
Answer: The agencies of socialisation are:
- School
- Family
- Mass-Media
- Peer-Group
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Explain “Culture is stable but not static”.
Answer: Culture is stable but not static, it changes slowly with time. 100 years ago, head hunting was a part of Naga Culture, but now it is not so. The new generation may get upset even at the mention of such a practice. After 20-30 years, some practices and conventions of today may seem uncivilised and vice versa. What is unacceptable to the present society may become a part of culture of the society after 20-30 years.
2. What are the functions of culture?
Answer: The human needs of an individual are fulfilled with the manifold elements of culture. The existence of human race is possible due to culture. Culture helps individuals to live in harmony with their natural environment. Man always protects the physical environment which is essential for his survival.
3. How can the culture of the society be preserved?
Answer: Education should be helpful in preserving literature, art, music, sculpture etc. of the race. Even from this point of view, the teacher should teach his/her students to honour the cultural heritage of the past. It should be a part of the school curriculum to know and respect the cultural heritage of the society or nation.
4. What is the process of cultural transmission?
Answer: The process of cultural transmission is through education. It is the society that decides what should be taught. A teacher is not free to teach anything he/she likes, he/she is bound to teach the syllabus or curriculum assigned to him/her. Many practices in school education are meant to transmit the culture to the new generation.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Discuss the relation between culture and education.
Answer: Culture and education are interrelated and interdependent. The process of formation of a society’s culture is influenced by its education standards, religious beliefs, occupation of the people, financial position and geographical conditions. Education is intimately related to one’s development of personality. Therefore, education depends upon the nature of culture of the society. In the educational process, an individual chooses for own options from among various experiences. In other words, society makes man and man makes society. In the same society, various children obtain varying experiences. These experiences also depend on their homes and particular environments. Therefore, in order to guide the children, the teacher should understand the various elements of their sub-cultures, i.e., he/she must closely study the home and the surrounding environment of the child.
2. Explain the four functions of education in relation to culture.
Answer: The function of education with reference to culture are four fold:
a. Preservation: The present generation wants that culture should be preserved without being diluted. It is the duty of teachers and schools to preserve the culture. In general, society is reluctant to accept any kind of change. Therefore, it is always of the opinion that the present culture is the best and it should be protected and preserved. Education should be helpful in preserving literature, art, music, sculpture etc. of the race. Even from this point of view, the teacher should teach his/her students to honour the cultural heritage of the past.
b. Transmission: The process of cultural transmission is through education. It is the society that decides what should be taught. A teacher is not free to teach anything he/she likes, he/she is bound to teach the syllabus or curriculum assigned to him/her. Curriculum or syllabus is the cultural heritage of the present generation. It is the cultural aspiration of the present generation which they wish to be passed on to the coming generation.
c. Development: Society needs preservation, transmission and also development of its culture. It should be done through education. Sometimes society accepts that there are drawbacks and negativities in the present culture and it is affecting the civilization adversely.
d. Socialisation: Socialisation is the process of learning to live in society. It implies awareness of the presence of the other people and reacting at other’s gestures, words and actions. It is a process of coming in contact with others, and noticing and responding to them. The process of socialisation prepares the child to lead an accepted way of social life.
3. What are the phases of socialisation?
Answer: The phases of socialisation are:
a. Primary Stage: This includes the Oral Stage (0-1 year) where the infant builds up definite expectations about feeding time and learns to signal for care, and the Anal Stage (1-4 years) which is concerned with toilet training of the child.
b. Secondary Stage: This includes the Oedipal Stage (4-Puberty Age) when a child becomes a member of the family as a whole.
4. Discuss the need for development of culture.
Answer: Society needs preservation, transmission and also development of its culture. It should be done through education. Sometimes society accepts that there are drawbacks and negativities in the present culture and it is affecting the civilization adversely. It is also possible that some learned people or intellectuals in the society may convince the society with arguments for change in the culture or bring about a cultural revolution. At that time society turns to education for development of culture. A school is capable of changing many things through education. The school, through education, can implement changes and inculcate inquisitiveness in the young learners or encourage them to ask new questions. So through education, change is possible. School can play an important role to bring positive changes and development through the tool of education.
Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions
1. What is the importance of socialisation as a cultural function of education? Explain.
Answer: Socialisation implies awareness of the presence of other people and reacting at others’ gestures, words, and actions. It is a process of coming in contact with others, and noticing and responding to them. An individual’s personality is a product of the society. It contributes to the development of the personality. Personality is developed through interaction with groups. The personality of a newborn child is shaped and moulded by the society. The process of socialisation prepares the child to lead an accepted way of social life. Socialisation also provides scope for the individual to develop his individuality according to his goals, aims, likings, and interests. In modern times, values and conventions are constantly facing challenges, and monetary gain is becoming the primary factor. The role of education, in preserving, transmitting, developing a culture and in helping a person to socialise, is of utmost importance.
2. Some of the early practices of the Naga society are prohibited today. Discuss it with examples.
Answer: Culture is stable but not static, it changes slowly with time. 100 years ago, head hunting was a part of Naga Culture, but now it is not so. The new generation may get upset even at the mention of such a practice. After 20-30 years, some practices and conventions of today may seem uncivilised and vice versa. What is unacceptable to the present society may become a part of culture of the society after 20-30 years.
Additional/extra questions and answers
1. What is the definition of culture?
Answer: Culture is a way of life. It is the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time. Culture is also the sum total of a community’s beliefs, habits, traditions, and practices. It represents the general behaviour of a society and is a way of life adapted by the society. Culture encompasses the progress of art, music, architecture, literature, and can be seen as modified and accepted behaviour.
2. How is culture related to the various activities of a person in his social surroundings?
Answer: Culture encompasses all activities of a person in his social surroundings. The individual seeks to maintain good relations with other members of society and hence creates numerous traditions, customs, behaviours, and disciplines to fulfil this desire. It significantly influences how people interact, behave, and perceive societal norms.
3. How does culture vary? Give some examples.
Answer: Culture varies significantly across different communities. This is why terms such as Eastern Culture, Western Culture, Japanese Culture, Naga Culture are used. Every individual is born into a cultural heritage, and when their behaviour aligns with their society’s culture, they are considered cultured. The customs followed in one society may not necessarily be followed in another. This variation can be due to various factors including geographical conditions, historical background, and societal norms.
4. Discuss the process of formation of a society’s culture.
Answer: The formation of a society’s culture is a complex process that’s influenced by several factors such as education standards, religious beliefs, the occupations of the people, financial positions, and geographical conditions. These elements shape the community’s beliefs, habits, traditions, and practices. For instance, Indian culture finds it acceptable to eat with hands, but this is not usually accepted in Western culture. This cultural difference reflects the different societal norms, behaviors, and practices, based on various influencing factors.
5. What does it mean when we say ‘culture is stable but not static’?
Answer: When we say ‘culture is stable but not static’, it means that while culture is a constant feature of a society, it does not remain unchanged. It evolves over time, adapting to societal changes, new experiences, and generational shifts. A case in point is the Naga culture where head hunting was practiced 100 years ago but is now no longer a part of their culture. New practices may emerge, and old practices may disappear or change. The pace of cultural change may be slow, but it is continuous.
37. How does education contribute to the process of socialisation? Discuss in the context of modern times.
Answer: Education plays a significant role in socialisation, especially in modern times. In preserving, transmitting, and developing culture, education prepares individuals to participate effectively in social life. It equips them with the knowledge and skills needed to navigate societal structures and norms, contributing to their social adjustment. In the modern context, traditional values and conventions are constantly challenged, and monetary gain has become a primary factor influencing societal behaviour. Despite these challenges, education continues to serve as a vital medium for socialisation, shaping individuals’ perceptions, behaviours, and roles in society. Through education, individuals are equipped to adapt to changes in societal norms and expectations, thereby maintaining social order and harmony.
Additional/extra MCQs
1. What does culture encompass in a society?
A. Traditions B. Art, Music, Literature C. Adapted behaviours D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
2. Who defined culture as “that complex whole which includes, knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs and any other capacities acquired by a human as a member of society”?
A. Tylor B. Freud C. Jung D. Piaget
Answer: A. Tylor
3. Which cultural practice was a part of Naga Culture 100 years ago?
A. Foot Binding B. Bull Fighting C. Head Hunting D. Fire Walking
Answer: C. Head Hunting
4. What is a custom socially acceptable in Indian culture but not in the West?
A. Eating with hands B. Eating with chopsticks C. Eating with a spoon D. Eating with a fork
Answer: A. Eating with hands
5. Which term best describes culture?
A. Static B. Unchanging C. Fluid D. Stable
Answer: D. Stable
58. Which factor is becoming the primary one influencing societal behaviour in modern times, as per the provided information?
A. Cultural Values B. Education C. Monetary Gain D. Religion
Answer: C. Monetary Gain
Ron’e Dutta is a journalist, teacher, aspiring novelist, and blogger. He manages Online Free Notes and reads Victorian literature. His favourite book is Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte and he hopes to travel the world. Get in touch with him by sending him a friend request.
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