Get summary, textbook solutions, questions, answers, notes, extras, pdf for Social Science (Geography) Chapter 1: Economic Geography—Subject Matter and Resources which is a part of the SEBA (Assam Board) class 10 syllabus.
Introduction: To reduce the usage of raw resources with limited reserves, usable discharged garbage can be repurposed through the recycling process. For example, the consumption of raw materials for such items can be decreased to some extent by recycling old polythene bags, plastic bottles, paper, iron scraps, and so on. Whereas, required research and studies will be conducted in order to produce innovation in turning natural resources into usable forms. This also helps to reduce the waste of raw materials while increasing resource production.
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Textual questions and answers
1. What is “economic geography”? What is its main subject matter? Mention the important branches of economic geography.
Answer: Economic geography is a field of geography that studies human activities related to the production, distribution, consumption, and exchange of resources in relation to space and time.
The primary focus of economic geography is human economic activity, which includes:
i. Production of resources
ii. Distribution of resources
iii. Consumption of resources
iv. Exchange of resources
The following are the main branches of economic geography:
i. Agricultural Geography
ii. Industrial Geography
iii. Geography of resources
iv. Transport Geography
v. Geography of Tourism
vi. Geography of Marketing
vii. Geography of Planning and Development
2. Write in brief about the scope of Economic Geography.
Answer: Economic Geography is primarily concerned with the distribution of human economic activities, as well as the variables and processes that influence them. The study’s scope is mostly based on the following fundamental questions:
i. Where is the economic activity located?
ii. What are the characteristics of economic activity?
iii. To what other phenomenon is economic activity related?
iv. Why is the economic activity located where it is?
v. Would it not be better if located elsewhere?
The traditional economic geography is linked to the first three of the five questions outlined above. The latter two questions, on the other hand, have created the groundwork for current economic geography.
3. What do you mean by the economic activities of man? What are such economic activities?
Answer: Economic activities are human actions that are carried out in exchange for money. It is man’s endeavours to acquire revenue, money, and riches for his life in order to satisfy his wants to the greatest extent possible with limited and finite resources.
Man’s economic activities or jobs are divided into four categories:
i. Primary occupation: A primary occupation refers to a human activity in which a person gathers resources from nature.
ii. Secondary occupation: Secondary occupation refers to the human activity of transforming natural resources into usable forms through the application of diverse technologies.
iii. Tertiary occupation: The tertiary occupation is the human activity by which the commodities produced by primary and secondary activities reach the customers.
iv. Quaternary occupation: Quaternary occupation is a type of human activity that makes secondary and tertiary activities easier and more productive.
4. Write briefly about the subject matter of the important branches of economic geography.
Answer: The following are the main branches of economic geography and the topics they cover:
i. Agricultural geography: Aspects of agricultural activity, such as varieties of agriculture, distribution and techniques of agricultural activity, crop production and its associated theories, marketing and export-import of agricultural products, and so on, are all investigated here.
ii. Industrial geography: Economic and other aspects relating to the development of industry, types of industry and geographical distribution, production of industrial goods, theories relating to the location of industry, marketing and export-import of industrial products, and so on are all investigated here.
iii. Geography of resources: types of resources, regional distribution of resources, factors connected with resource exploration and production, the interaction between resources and development, conservation and management of resources, and so on are all investigated here.
iv. Transport geography: types of transportation systems and the factors that influence them, the role of transportation in resource distribution, the role of transportation in human movement and economic activities, and the role of transportation in economic development, such as industrial and agricultural development, are all discussed.
v. Geography of tourism: Tourism and the variables that influence its growth, forms of tourism, the development and planning process of the tourism system, and so on are all investigated here.
vi. Geography of marketing: The importance of developing markets and the forces that influence them, as well as the types and distribution of markets and the ideas that underpin them, are all examined here.
vii. Geography of planning and development: economic development, planning techniques, sustainable development, regional and resource-based development processes, and other aspects are investigated here.
5. Why is “resource geography” known as an important branch of economic geography?
Answer: Economic geography and its various subdivisions are inextricably linked to resource geography. It is because a country’s economic development is heavily reliant on the quality and availability of its resources. Because every economic activity or development process is inextricably linked to the environment, a greater emphasis is placed on sustainable development.
6. What is meant by ‘Resource’? Mention its main characteristics.
Answer: All of the components required for human survival are referred to as resources. Because air, water, sunlight, soil, plants, animals, fruits, minerals, and so forth are all beneficial to man, they are all resources.
According to renowned economist Zimmermann, any material that wants to become a resource must possess two characteristics: functionality and utility. Because of these two characteristics, resource utilisation has been able to result in human welfare and socioeconomic growth.
7. ‘Resource is Dynamic’. – Explain.
Answer: The resources are ever-changing. Even if a product is not used by man now or is harmful to man, it may be used for human wellbeing in the future. Because of this dynamic property of resources, materials or phenomena that are useful today may be converted into a resistive or neutral materials over time. It indicates that as society changes, so does the concept of resources, resulting in changes in resource collection and utilisation.
8. Briefly discuss the necessity of resources with examples.
Answer: The usage of resources and their availability are inextricably linked to the advancement of human civilization. Human welfare and socioeconomic growth have resulted from resource exploitation. The resources received from nature are exploited by man, who employs his or her own energy, knowledge, wisdom, and talent. Apart from meeting man’s basic necessities of food, housing, and clothes, as well as many other requirements, the availability of these resources has allowed for an improvement in man’s living conditions. Aside from natural resources, many resources, such as technology, housing, roads, industries, schools, offices, agro-farm equipment, automobiles, and so on, are created by humans to meet their own needs.
9. Write in brief about the relationship between resources and man.
Answer: Man is linked to resources in two ways: as a creator of resources and as a consumer of resources. Although many of the resources valuable to man are provided by nature, the majority of them are changed by man into more consumable forms as needed. Furthermore, only human knowledge may be used to investigate the functional and utilitarian properties of natural materials. Many new resources are developed and utilised as the scope of human understanding expands. It indicates that, in addition to natural resources, many resources, such as technology, housing, roads, factories, schools, offices, agro-farm equipment, automobiles, and so on, are created by humans.
10. Briefly discuss the relationship between resources and science and technology.
Answer: The interplay between nature, man, and culture, including science and technology, result in the formation of resources. Man is linked to resources in two ways: as a creator of resources and as a consumer of resources. The usage of natural and man-made resources varies according to changes in human demand and the development of new technology. As a result, the meaning of the same resource may vary depending on time and place. Many new resources are developed and utilised as the scope of human understanding expands. Aside from natural resources, many other resources, such as technology, are produced by human resources.
11. Write about the classification of resources with examples.
Answer: Natural resources, man-made resources, and human resources can be roughly classified based on their origin. Furthermore, resources can be classified as biotic or abiotic; renewable or nonrenewable; and individual, national, or international.
Natural, man-made and human resource
Natural Resources are defined as resources that, after natural formation, remain scattered on the earth, such as sunlight, air, water, soil, plants, animals, minerals, rivers, and so on.
Man-made resources are materials that are created via human labour. For example, bamboo paper, cotton cloth, soap, plastic, and so on.
It is important for men to have appropriate talent, knowledge, technology, and drive in order to make natural resources useful to man. Because of these characteristics, the population is referred to as a human resource.
Biotic and abiotic resource
Biotic Resources are those that have life and have a physical structure or composition, whereas abiotic Resources are those that do not have life. Plants, animals, fish, crops, and so on are all examples of biotic resources.
Abiotic resources, on the other hand, include soil, rock, water, air, minerals, coal, and so on.
Renewable and non-renewable resources
Some of the earth’s abundant natural resources are not exhausted after consumption, while others are steadily depleted. Renewable or inexhaustible resources are those that may be retained unexhausted after use through the process of regeneration. For example, air, water, plants, animals, humans, crops, and so on.
Non-renewable or exhaustible non-renewable resource Resources are those that cannot be replenished after usage and are entirely depleted. For example, coal, mineral oil, minerals, and so on.
Individual, national and international resource
Individual or personal resources are the possessions of an individual man, such as land, household items, and good self qualities, among other things.
National resources include all resources within a country’s obligation or possession, such as transportation networks, land, rivers, bridges, wildlife sanctuaries, and so on.
International resources are resources that belong to all countries and are the property of the entire world, such as oceans and seas and their mineral and biological resources, the atmosphere, forests, and so on.
12. What is meant by “natural resources”? Write briefly, with examples.
Answer: Natural resources are defined as resources that, after natural formation, remain scattered on the earth, such as sunlight, air, water, soil, plants, animals, minerals, rivers, and so on. Natural resources can be found in solid, liquid, or gaseous forms, as well as metallic or non-metallic forms. Many of these natural resources are used as raw materials by various industries. Furthermore, coal, mineral oil, natural gas, and other natural resources are employed as energy sources by mankind.
13. What is a man-made resource? Write in brief about its use with examples.
Answer: Many materials obtained from nature are changed into more useable forms as needed by utilising various technologies. For example, bamboo paper; cotton cloth; many sorts of dyes, paints, synthetic cloth, chemical fertiliser, pesticides, soap, plastic, synthetic rubber, wax, and so on; and various forms of food, medicine, timber, and house construction materials are all derived from plants. Man-made resources are materials that are created via human labour.
14. What are the differences between renewable and non-renewable resources? Discuss briefly with examples.
Answer: Some of the earth’s abundant natural resources are not exhausted after consumption, while others are steadily depleted. Renewable or inexhaustible resources are those that may be retained unexhausted after use through the process of regeneration. It indicates that sunlight, air, water, plants, animals, humans, crops, and so on are all renewable resources.
Non-renewable or exhaustible non-renewable Resource Resources, on the other hand, are resources that cannot be regenerated after use and are entirely depleted. Non-renewable resources include coal, mineral oil, minerals, natural gas, and so on. When such resources are depleted, they are depleted indefinitely.
15. What is meant by ‘Conservation of Resources’? What is its necessity?
Answer: Conservation of Resources refers to the notion or act of fully utilising any resource without destroying or misusing it. The basic goal of resource conservation is to collect and use the required resources from nature in such a way that we can all continue to benefit from them for a long time. The word “resource conservation” does not only refer to the preservation of resources that are not in use. For example, conservation of mineral oil refers to the act of extracting mineral oil from nature without waste and putting it to good use for a long time in the service of human wellbeing. Although resource conservation is more commonly linked with nonrenewable resources, the principles of conservation apply to all resources. It is an urgent requirement since human wants are limitless while resources are limited; consequently, we must preserve resources for future generations. In light of the world’s rapid population growth and mounting environmental concerns, such as the depletion of numerous natural resources, efforts are being made on a global scale at various levels to safeguard the environment and conserve natural resources.
16. Write in brief about the methods of resource conservation.
Answer: For the successful execution of a resource conservation programme, the following strategies must be used:
a. Search for alternative resources: Even when the production of a highly used resource is ongoing, it is vital to conduct the appropriate research and surveys in order to identify potential sources of alternative resources.
b. Recycling: To reduce the usage of raw resources with limited reserves, usable discharged garbage can be repurposed through the recycling process.
c. Innovation: To develop innovation in turning natural resources into usable forms, necessary studies and research will be conducted. This also helps to reduce the waste of raw materials while increasing resource production.
d. Waste control: A significant amount of resources can be saved if proper measures are made to reduce waste material generation through recycling and reuse while transforming raw materials into valuable resources.
e. Expansion of knowledge and education: Knowledge and education must be expanded in order to properly manage production and resource utilisation. People’s awareness needs to be raised in order to reduce wasteful resource use.
f. Execution of conservation-related acts: For the appropriate implementation of resource conservation programmes, conservation acts must be strict and clear, and they must be efficiently enforced.
g. Proper assessment of resource reserve: A precise estimate of any resource’s available reserve is required for future resource use planning. This, in turn, aids in reducing the needless use of specific resources and emphasises the importance of exploring other resources.
h. Assessment of future requirement of resources: It is critical to calculating the future requirement of a resource by taking into account the degree of current consumption and the rate of population increase.
17. Write in brief about the organisations associated with resource conservation and their role.
Answer: At the international, national, regional, and local levels, a large number of governmental and non-governmental agencies and organisations have been established.
In this regard, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), a United Nations Organisation-sponsored international environmental conservation organisation, is worth mentioning. In fact, the IUCN was founded in 1948 on the proposal of British biologist Julian Huxley, the first Director-General of UNESCO. The primary goal of this organisation is to conduct research and study on the conservation of the global natural environment and natural resources, especially biodiversity, and to take appropriate action. The IUCN spearheaded the establishment of two new international organisations, WWF for Nature (Worldwide Fund for Nature) and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
India’s government has established the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change. These government institutions are also in charge of developing laws pertaining to environmental protection and natural resource conservation. In 1986, the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education was established as an autonomous institute under this Ministry. A number of non-governmental groups, such as the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), Greenpeace India, the Wildlife Trust of India, and others, are also trying to safeguard the environment. In Assam, a number of non-governmental groups, such as the Assam Science Society and Aaranyak, are trying to protect the environment and conserve biodiversity.
18. Write short notes:
(a) Resources: The term “resources” refers to all of the elements required for human survival. The earth’s air, water, sun rays, soil, plants, fruits, minerals, and so on are all necessary to man. As a result, these are all resources. Man collects these materials, mostly from nature, through various techniques. The resources received from nature are exploited by man, who employs his or her own energy, knowledge, wisdom, and talent. Apart from meeting man’s basic needs of food, housing, and clothes, as well as many other requirements, the availability of these resources has allowed for an improvement in man’s living conditions.
(b) Human resources: Man is a type of resource since he is a producer or creator of resources. It is referred to as human resources. It is important for men to have sufficient talent, education, technology, and motivation in order to make natural resources useful to man. Because of these characteristics, the population is referred to as a human resource. Despite a scarcity of numerous natural resources and raw materials for industries, countries such as Japan, Switzerland, Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, and others have been able to occupy a high position in terms of development.
(c) Wealth: In many ways, both resources and wealth are regarded as the same thing. However, according to the theory of Economics, the resources that have monetary value are referred to as wealth. Notably, aside from utility, the supply of wealth is rather restricted, and it may be transferred from one person to another in the form of money or value. Land, a house, machinery, a company share, and so on are examples of riches. All of these have a market value. However, the sun, air, water, soil, rivers, lakes, education, social institutions, good administration, public health, and so on are not considered wealth. Because some of these are abundant, while others cannot be transferred and have little market value. Thus, all wealth is resources, but not all resources are wealth.
(d) Renewable resource: Some of the earth’s abundant natural resources are not exhausted after consumption, while others are steadily depleted. Renewable or inexhaustible resources are those that may be retained unexhausted after use through the process of regeneration. It indicates that sunlight, air, water, plants, animals, humans, crops, and so on are all renewable resources. These materials are abundant on the planet. Of course, some plant and animal species have been extinct for a long time or are on the verge of becoming extinct owing to overuse or a variety of physical or human conditions.
(e) Personal resource: Individual or Personal Resources are the possessions of an individual man, such as land, household items, and positive self traits, such as good character, education, working skill, and so on. They are man’s private property or traits that differ from one person to the next in terms of his or her capability.
(f) National resources: National Resources include all resources within a country’s obligation or possession, such as transportation networks, land, rivers, bridges, wildlife sanctuaries, flora and animals in forests, educational institutions, administrative systems, governance, and so on. Kaziranga National Park, for example, is a national resource.
(g) Biotic resource: The resources that have life are classified as biotic based on their physical structure or composition. Plants, animals, fish, crops, and so on are examples of biotic resources, while the atmosphere, forests, and so on are examples of international resources.
(h) Resource conservation: The use of resources and their conservation are inextricably linked. Conservation of Resources refers to the notion or act of utilising all available resources without destroying or misusing them. It indicates that the major goal of resource conservation is to collect and use the required resources from nature in such a way that we all continue to benefit from them.
(i) Resource recycling: To reduce the usage of raw resources with limited reserves, usable discharged garbage can be repurposed through the recycling process. For example, the consumption of raw materials for such items can be decreased to some amount by recycling old polythene bags, plastic bottles, paper, iron scraps, and so on. As a result, recycling some usable waste products aids in resource conservation.
(j) IUCN: In this regard, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), a United Nations Organisation-sponsored international environmental conservation organisation, is worth mentioning. In fact, the IUCN was founded in 1948 on the proposal of British biologist Julian Huxley, the first Director-General of UNESCO. The primary goal of this organisation is to conduct research and studies on the conservation of the global natural environment and natural resources, especially biodiversity, and to take appropriate action. The IUCN spearheaded the establishment of two new international organisations, WWF for Nature (Worldwide Fund for Nature) and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
19. Write the differences between:
(a) Resource and wealth: All materials required for human survival are referred to as “resources.” The earth’s air, water, sun rays, soil, plants, fruits, minerals, and so on are all necessary to man. As a result, these are all resources. Man collects these materials, mostly from nature, through various techniques.
The resources that have monetary value in exchange are referred to as wealth in economic terms. Notably, aside from utility, the supply of wealth is rather restricted, and it may be transferred from one person to another in the form of money or value. For example, land, a house, a portion, and so on.
(b) Economic geography and resource geography: Economic Geography is the field of Geography that studies human activities linked with resource creation, distribution, consumption, and exchange in spatial and temporal contexts.
Resource geography, on the other hand, studies resource kinds, regional distribution of resources, factors connected with resource exploration and production, the interaction between resources and development, conservation and management of resources, and so on.
(c) Resources and neutral stuff: All materials required for human survival are referred to as “resources.” For example, the earth’s air, water, sun rays, soil, plants, fruits, minerals, and so on are all essential to man. Materials discovered on Earth that are neither useful nor detrimental to man are referred to as “neutral stuff.” For example, until man discovered the use of coal or mineral oil in the generation of power, they were simply neutral stuff.
(d) Biotic and abiotic resources: The resources that have life are referred to as Biotic Resources based on their physical structure or composition. Plants, animals, fish, crops, and so on are examples of biotic resources. Abiotic Resources, on the other hand, are those that do not contain life. Abiotic resources include soil, rock, water, air, minerals, coal, and so on.
(e) Renewable and non-renewable resources: Renewable or inexhaustible resources are those that may be retained unexhausted after use through the process of regeneration. Sunlight, air, water, plants, animals, humans, crops, and so on are examples of renewable resources.
Non-renewable or exhaustible non-renewable resource resources, on the other hand, are resources that cannot be regenerated after use and are entirely depleted. Coal, mineral oil, and minerals are a few examples. When such resources are depleted, they are depleted indefinitely.
(f) Personal resource and national resource: Individual or Personal Resources are the possessions of an individual man, such as land, household items, and positive self traits, such as good character, education, working skill, and so on.
National Resources include all resources within a country’s obligation or possession, such as transportation networks, land, rivers, bridges, wildlife sanctuaries, flora and animals in forests, educational institutions, administrative systems, governance, and so on.
(g) Man-made resource and human resource: Man-made resources are materials that are created via human labour. It is important for men to have appropriate talent, knowledge, technology, and drive in order to make natural resources useful to man. For example, bamboo paper, cotton cloth, various types of dyes, paint, and so on.
It is important for men to have the appropriate talent, knowledge, technology, and drive in order to make natural resources useful to man. Because of these characteristics, the population is referred to as a human resource.
(h) Recycling of resources and innovation: To reduce the use of raw resources with limited reserves, usable discharged garbage can be repurposed through the recycling process. For example, the consumption of raw materials for such items can be decreased to some extent by recycling old polythene bags, plastic bottles, paper, iron scraps, and so on.
Whereas, required research and studies will be conducted in order to produce innovation in turning natural resources into usable forms. This also helps to reduce the waste of raw materials while increasing resource production.
20. Choose the correct answer:
(a) Which of the following is a man-made resource?
Answer: (3) Irrigation canal
(b) Which one of the following is an abiotic resource?
Answer: (1) Air
(c) Which one of the following is a non-renewable resource?
Answer: (4) Coal
(d) Which one of the following animals is about to be extinct?
Answer: (1) One-horned rhino
(e) The organisation IUCN is under which of the following organisations?
Answer: (1) UNESCO
Additional/extra questions and answers/solutions
1. What are the qualities a resource must possess?
Answer: Functionality and utility are the qualities a resource must possess.
2. What do you mean by resistance?
Answer: Resistance refers to elements or events that are damaging to humans. For example, unproductive soil, highly flooded areas, and so on.
3. What is sustainable development?
Answer: Sustainable development is defined as development that does not endanger future production.
4. Give two examples of biotic Resources.
Answer: Man and animals.
5. Give two examples of abiotic Resource
Answer: Mineral oil and coal.
13. What is resource conservation? Briefly explain the methods of resource conservation.
Answer: The concept of conservation of resources refers to the possibility of fully utilising any resource without any destruction or misuse. Some important methods that can be used for the purpose of conservation:
(a) Search for alternative resources: Even in the midst of producing highly used resources, it is important to conduct the necessary research and surveys in order to identify possible sources of alternative resources. For example, using synthetic fibre in place of cotton fibre and synthetic rubber in place of natural rubber.
(b) Recycling: In order to reduce the use of raw materials which is limited, usable disposed garbage can be reused through the method of recycling.
(c) Innovation: Necessary studies and research need to be undertaken to develop innovation in converting natural resources into usable forms. This contributes to the reduction of raw material waste.
(d) Imparting knowledge and education: Imparting knowledge and education is critical for proper production, resource management, and utilisation.
(e) Implementing conservation-related acts: The provisions of conservation acts must be observed strictly and implemented effectively in order for resource conservation programmes to be carried out properly.
(d) Proper assessment of resources: It is critical to determine the future requirement of a resource by analysing the rate of population growth and the current consumption of natural resources. A correct assessment of the available reserve of any resource is required for future resource planning.
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In 1st answer and 4th answer of textual question a mistake is there
Georgrapy of marketing is written In place of geography of resources
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