Rise of nationalism in Europe: NBSE class 10 social science

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Get here the notes/solutions/extras of NBSE class 10 Social Science Chapter 1 Rise of Nationalism in Europe. However, the study materials should be used only for references and nothing more. The notes can be modified/changed according to needs.

NOTE: This chapter is for Nagaland Board notes. If you are looking for Tripura Board notes, click here

a man blowing trumpet illustrating the chapter the rise of nationalism in europe (tbse)

Introduction to chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe which is a part of the class 10 syllabus of social science for students studying under Nagaland Board of School Education: The nature of nationalism in Europe underwent many changes. Nationalism did not exist in Europe in the Middle Ages (in its present form). At that time all Christians in Western Europe belonged to the Catholic church; all educated people used the Latin language, and they all lived under the Holy Roman Empire. Loyalty to a nation was therefore unknown in those centuries. However, with the rise of the vernacular languages, breaking away from the Catholic church, and the rise of strong dynasties and kingdoms formed the basis of the rise of nationalism in Europe.

In the nineteenth century that nationalism became such a force that it brought about dramatic changes in the intellectual and political world of Europe. There arose the new Nation States. A nation-state is one in which the people shares the same culture. These new nation-states had a centralised power that ruled over a clearly defined territory. In these states, the ruler and the common people also shared a common identity and history. Through different events and processes, nation-states and nationalism emerged in Europe.

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NOTE: If some of the answers appear too long, you can ignore the parts marked with RED colour

II. Very Short Answer Questions

1. What does the word ‘liberalism’ mean?

Answer: The term liberalism has its roots in the Latin word ‘Liber’ which means free. For the new educated middle class, it meant freedom of the individual and equality of all before the law.

2. When was the Treaty of Vienna drawn?

Answer: The Treaty of Vienna was drawn in 1815.

3. Which treaty finally recognised Greece as an independent nation?

Answer: The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

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6. Who was considered by Italians as the ‘brain’?

Answer: Italian nationalistic leader Count Camilo Cavour was considered by Italians as the ‘brain’.

7. Who started the first freedom movement in Italy?

Answer: The first movement for freedom from foreign rule in Italy was started by the Carbonari Society.

III. Short Answer Questions

1. What were the names given to the two allegorical representations of France and Germany?

Answer: The French Nation was represented as a woman named Marianne with a red cap, the tricolour and the cockade – all symbols of liberty to promote unity.
Germania became the allegory of the German nation. She wore a crown of Oak leaves – German Oak stands for heroism.

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lV. Long Answer Questions

1. How did Greece become a nation state?

Answer: The Greeks were the first to revolt against the Ottoman Turkish Empire in 1821. They were greatly impressed and influenced by the national and liberal movements spreading all over Europe. It was a mass movement to secure independence. The Turkish emperor perpetrated great atrocities on the Greeks when they revolted. This put the Christian countries to shame and they forced Greeks and the Turks to come to an agreement. The Greeks living in exile also supported the nationalists in Greece.

Poets and artists also joined the campaign. In 1827, England, France and Russia defeated the Turks, the Egyptians and their allies in a naval battle. They signed a Treaty in London in 1827 which forced the Turks to recognise Greece as an independent state under the suzerainty of Turkey. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

2. Describe the events that led to “Dual Monarchy” in Hungary. What were its consequences?

Answer: The Austrian Empire had subjects belonging to various races and speaking different languages. The new Austrian Emperor, Francis Joseph had to face the revolt of Hungary in 1848 under Kossuth, who declared his country as independent, but when Hungary started treating its Slav population badly, the Austrians suppressed its newly won independence in 1849.

But by 1860 Austrians realised they could not hold on to Hungary under their iron rule. They drew up a charter and restored it to its 1848 position. The Hungarians got their Diet (Parliament) back and gave autonomy to its town and cities. The Hungarians were not satisfied by this arrangement and the stalemate continued till 1866. The defeat of Austria by Prussians forced Austria to compromise with the Hungarians. This led to the establishment of Dual Monarchy in 1867.

The consequence of these events and the establishment of Dual Monarchy were as follows:

1. Austria-Hungary had a common ruler King Frances Joseph – Dual Monarchy.
2. Both states were considered equal.
3. They had two separate Parliaments and a joint ministry for 3 important departments – finance, war and foreign affairs.
4. The Austro – Hungarian Dual Monarchy disturbed the political balance of this region. It gave the administration of Slavs to them and Serbia wanted to unite all Slavs under their leadership (Bosnia, Herzegovina etc).
5. It led to a break-up into a number of small Balkan states.
6. It also, eventually, led to World War I, when the Austrian Crown Prince and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serb.

3. Explain liberalism in political and economic fields prevailing in Europe in the 19th century.

Answer: Politically, liberalism stood for a constitution, a representative government ruling by consent, a parliamentary system, ownership of private property and the end of the privileges of the aristocracy. It but had its own limitations in 19th century Europe. Some of its drawbacks are:

(i) Till the Early 20th century liberalism did not grant equal rights to men without properly and all women.
(ii) There was no universal suffrage. Under the French Revolutionary Government and under Napoleonic Code women were denied all political rights and were subjugated to the authority of fathers and husbands.
(iii) Throughout the nineteenth century and early twentieth century women struggled for their political rights.

Economically, liberalism stood for, freedom of markets, end of state restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. This also led to the formation of a customs union or Zollverein by Prussia in 1834, which many German states joined. This Union reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two and abolished tariff barriers. A network of railways led to great mobility and gave an impetus to national unity. It boosted economic nationalism.

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7. Discuss, with examples, how culture, art and language helped in the rise of nationalism in Europe.

Answer: Culture, art and music played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe. The feeling of nationalism was strengthened, developed and given encouragement by art – music, literature, drama. The Romantics, as opposed to the Classicists, encouraged the depiction of emotions, feelings and intuition. They did not believe in the glorification of logic, reason and science. For them, the basis of a nation should not be wars or territorial expansion but a common cultural past, a shared heritage by all.

The Romantics believed that true German Culture could be discovered only among the common people – das Volk. How folk stories played an important role in the spread of nationalism can be seen from the folk tales written by Grimm Brothers. They believed that their work of collecting German folk tales and publishing them in the German language was an effort on their part to promote the German spirit and oppose French domination. Music, art and language made people feel proud of their own culture, heritage and build up a resistance to foreign rule thus promoting nationalism.

8. State the ideas of Mazzini which led to the rise of nationalism in Italy.

Answer: The ideas of Mazzini which led to the rise of nationalism in Italy were as follows:

1. Mazzini firmly believed that young men of Italy could easily achieve freedom for their motherland. He declared that the need of the hour was self-sacrifice.
2. He created confidence among the Italians that they could fight and achieve independence.
3. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
4. Mazzini believed Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic. The unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
5. Mazzini was a staunch patriot and had established two underground societies first ‘Young Italy’ and then ‘Young Europe’.

Additional/extra questions and answers

1. What sparked the rise of conservatism?

Answer: Napoleon’s rise, conquests, and defeat in 1815 spawned a new ideology in Europe known as Conservatism.

2. Who was the first to revolt against Ottoman Turkish Empire?

Answer: In 1821, the Greeks were the first to revolt against the Ottoman Turkish Empire.

3. When did Greece gain independence?

Answer: Greece gained independence in 1832.

4. When did Italy become a single nation?

Answer: The process of Italian unification was completed by 1870.

5. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation?

Answer: The Treaty of Constantinople, 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

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23. When and why was the Congress of Vienna held?

Answer: The Congress of Vienna was held in 1815 and was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The aim was to restore the old monarchies overthrown by Napoleon.

24. Who called Mazzini the most dangerous enemy of social order?

Answer: Metternich called Mazzini “the most dangerous enemy of our social order.”

25. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation?

Answer: The Treaty of Constantinople in 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What was the main language used in Western Europe during the Middle Ages?

a) Latin
b) English
c) French
d) German

Answer: a) Latin

2. Which of the following led to the rise of vernacular languages in Europe?

a) The Renaissance
b) The Reformation
c) The rise of strong dynasties and kingdoms
d) The Industrial Revolution

Answer: a) The Renaissance

3. In the 19th century, nationalism in Europe led to the emergence of:

a) Multi-national dynastic empires
b) Nation states with centralised power
c) Decentralised power structures
d) Small, independent city-states

Answer: b) Nation states with centralised power

4. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a nation, according to Ernst Renan?

a) A common will in the present
b) A heroic past and great men
c) A shared identity and history
d) Economic prosperity

Answer: d) Economic prosperity

5. Which of the following led to the emergence of national churches in Europe?

a) The Renaissance
b) The Reformation
c) The rise of strong dynasties and kingdoms
d) The Industrial Revolution

Answer: b) The Reformation

6. Which of the following events marked the end of the Middle Ages in Europe?

a) The Renaissance
b) The Reformation
c) The rise of strong dynasties and kingdoms\
d) The Industrial Revolution

Answer: a) The Renaissance

7. The 19th century saw the emergence of new nation states in Europe, which had:

a) Multi-national dynastic empires
b) Centralised power structures
c) Decentralised power structures
d) Small, independent city-states

Answer: b) Centralised power structures

8. In the Middle Ages, Western Europe was dominated by:

a) The Catholic Church
b) The Protestant Church
c) The Orthodox Church
d) None of the above

Answer: a) The Catholic Church

9. The 19th century saw the emergence of new nation states in Europe, which replaced:

a) Multi-national dynastic empires
b) Centralised power structures
c) Decentralised power structures
d) Small, independent city-states

Answer: a) Multi-national dynastic empires

10. Which class was the most powerful in Europe before the 19th century?

a) The landed aristocracy
b) The working class
c) The middle class
d) The serfs

Answer: a) The landed aristocracy

11. What does the term “liberalism” mean?

a) Freedom of the individual and equality before the law
b) A constitution and representative government
c) Ownership of private property
d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

12. What was the main economic aspect of liberalism in Europe?

a) Freedom of markets
b) State restrictions on movement of goods and capital
c) A customs union or Zollverein
d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

13. The Zollverein was formed by which country in Europe?

a) France
b) England
c) Prussia
d) Austria

Answer: c) Prussia

14. How many currencies were reduced to two by the Zollverein in Europe?

a) 5
b) 10
c) 15
d) 30

Answer: d) 30

15. The Industrial Revolution in Europe led to the emergence of:

a) The working class
b) The middle class
c) The landed aristocracy
d) Both a and b

Answer: d) Both a and b

16. The Zollverein in Europe was formed in:

a) 1834
b) 1844
c) 1854
d) 1864

Answer: a) 1834

17. The Zollverein in Europe reduced the number of currencies from over:

a) 5
b) 10
c) 15
d) 30

Answer: d) 30

18. Who were the leading European powers that drew up the plan for Europe after defeating Napoleon in 1815?

a) Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria
b) France, Spain, Italy, and Germany
c) Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland
d) Portugal, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands

Answer: a) Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria

19. Which dynasty was restored to power after the Congress of Vienna in 1815?

a) Habsburg
b) Bourbon
c) Romanov
d) Tudor

Answer: b) Bourbon

20. What was the main goal of the Congress of Vienna in 1815?

a) To establish new monarchies in Europe
b) To restore the old monarchies overthrown by Napoleon
c) To set up democratic republics in Europe
d) To strengthen the Church and social hierarchy in Europe

Answer: b) To restore the old monarchies overthrown by Napoleon

21. What was the ideology that emerged in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815?

a) Liberalism
b) Conservatism
c) Socialism
d) Nationalism

Answer: b) Conservatism

22. What did Duke Metternich consider Giuseppe Mazzini to be?

a) A friend of the social order
b) A dangerous enemy of the social order
c) A neutral observer
d) A mediator between revolutionaries and conservatives

Answer: b) A dangerous enemy of the social order

23. Which country was recognized as an independent nation after the Treaty of Constantinople in 1832?

a) Belgium
b) Piedmont
c) Greece
d) Poland

Answer: c) Greece

24. Who was the leader of the Young Italy movement?

a) Giuseppe Mazzini
b) Johann Gottfried Herder
c) Karol Kurpinski
d) Prince Otto

Answer: a) Giuseppe Mazzini

25. Who was the leader of the Young Poland movement?

a) Giuseppe Mazzini
b) Johann Gottfried Herder
c) Karol Kurpinski
d) Prince Otto

Answer: d) Prince Otto

26. Who was considered the “Brain” in the efforts towards Italian unification?